Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Pandanus candelabrum Stem (original) (raw)
Related papers
2015
Activated carbons were prepared by phosphoric acid activation of Canarium Schweinfurthii spent nutshell. The activation conditions for particles with average diameter of 2.36 mm, conducted in nitrogen chamber, were evaluated at 40 and 60% acid concentration, substrate/activating agent (impregnation) ratio of 1:1 to 1:4, activation time of 20 to 60 min and temperatures of 200 and 400°C. The results showed that the yield, BET surface area and adsorption capacities of activated carbon produced increased with impregnation ratio, activation time and temperatures. The activated carbon obtained using 1:4 impregnation ratios at 60 min with 40 wt% acid solution have BET surface area and adsorption capacity of 741 m2/g and 8.5 gMB/g Carbon while those for 60wt% acid solution were determined as 779 m2/g and 9.2 gMB/g Carbon, respectively. Key words: Canarium schweinfurthii, activated carbon, phosphoric acid, methylene blue, impregnation ratio, dyes.
Activated carbons were prepared from tobacco stem by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The effects of the impregnation ratio (activating agent/precursor) and activating agents on the physical and chemical properties of activated carbons were investigated. The textual structure and surface properties of activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen (N2) adsorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry (TG). ZnCl2 acting as a superior A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 activating agent to the others, produced much more porosity. The maximum specific surface area reached up to 1347 m2/g, obtained by ZnCl2 activation with the impregnation ratio of 4.0.
Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbons Prepared from Agro-Wastes by Chemical Activation
Journal of Chemistry, 2022
In this present study, activated carbons were prepared from rice husks and potato peels by chemical activation with 40% phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The effects of carbonization temperature and impregnation ratio were investigated with a continuous activation period. Physicochemical characteristics such as surface morphology, surface charge, and surface functional groups were assessed. According to X-ray diffraction measurements, the results showed that the activated carbons had identical pHpzc (6.8) and that the activated carbons generated were carbonaceous. The existence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, amines, aromatic, and other functional groups, which are excellent for adsorption, was revealed by surface chemistry studies. Micrographs taken with a scanning electron microscope indicated wide opening pores with a larger mesoporous surface area and many linked pores. Rice husk activated carbon outperformed potato peel activated carbon in laboratory tests. The research has shown that the agro-w...
2018
Activated carbons (AC) serve as adsorbents in various applications requiring specific functionalities. In this study, the effects of biomass type, pre-carbonization process, and activation method on the properties of ACs were investigated. Chemical (KOH and H3PO4) and physical (CO2) activations were performed on slow pyrolyzed and hydrothermally carbonized (HTC) biochars produced from two feedstocks, willow and Scots pine bark (SPB). In addition, the adsorption capacities of the ACs were tested with two dyes and zinc metal. Distinct differences were found between the biochars and ACs regarding pore size distributions, surface area (238 - 3505 m2 g-1), and surface chemistry. KOH activation produced highly microporous ACs from all biochars, whereas with H3PO4 and CO2 there was also increase in the meso- and macroporosity with the HTC biochars. Adsorption capacity for dyes was dependent on the surface area, while for zinc it depended on AC’s pH. The results provide interesting insights...
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLEDGE, 2020
Abstract: Activated carbon was be produced from Canarium schweinfurthii seed by physical and chemical processes. Acetic acid was used as alternative chemical at various concentrations (30 – 60%). The reaction conditions were optimized at temperature range 400 – 600 0C and time interval of 20 – 60 minutes. The raw atile seed and carbonized charcoal were characterized using parameters like bulk density, percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage of carbon. The uncarbonized atile seed has a bulk density of 0.4348, percentage yield 93 %, moisture content 4.7 %, ash content 2.3 % and percentage of carbon 93 %, while the carbonized charcoal at temperature range of (400 – 600 0C) has a bulk density of (0.4115 – 0.4312 g/cm3), percentage yield (80.82 – 86.48 %), moisture content (13 – 17 %), ash content (6 – 2 %) and percentage of carbon of (74.005 – 84.510 %). The activated carbon was further used to decolourize dye effluent. The experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. After optimization, the activated carbon was structurally analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Keywords: Carbon, Domestic waste, Carbonization, Activation, Charcoal, Characterization.
Materials
This paper presents results of the analysis of the impact of activation temperature and mass ratio of activator to carbonized precursor R on the porous structure of nitrogen-doped activated carbons derived from lotus leaves by carbonization and chemical activation with sodium amide NaNH2. The analyses were carried out via the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method applied to nitrogen adsorption isotherms at −195.8 °C. On the basis of the results obtained it was shown that the amount of activator, as compared to activation temperatures, has a significantly greater influence on the formation of the porous structure of activated carbons. As shown in the study, the optimum values of the porous structure parameters are obtained for a mass ratio of R = 2. At a mass ratio of R = 3, a significant decrease in the values of the porous structure parameters was observed, indicating uncontrolled wall firing between adjacent micropores. The conducted analyses confirmed t...
Orbital - The Electronic Journal of Chemistry, 2017
This study reports the production of activated carbon (AC) from chemical activation with sodium hydroxide in pyrolysis temperature of 500 to 600 °C using alternative and renewable material, Buriti petiole. The characterization of the material was performed by simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at-196 °C by the BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) and BJH (Barrett, Joyner and Halenda) methods for mesoporous materials. Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and TG/DTG-FTIR coupled system were used to study the surface groups. Adsorption tests for the activated carbons samples (ACs) were carried out using the methylene blue (MB) cationic and anionic orange G (OG) dyes, the most satisfactory results were methylene blue dye. These results indicated the formation of mesoporous adsorbent materials with BET surface areas obtained between 340 m 2 g-1 and 1715 m 2 g-1. The chemical activation of the carbons with sodium hydroxide produced highly mesoporous material suitable for adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes in aqueous solution.
Sustainability, 2022
Palm tree waste is one of the most widespread forms of agricultural waste, particularly in areas where oil palms are cultivated, and its management is one of the industry’s key concerns. To deal with this palm waste, researchers are working hard to work out the ways to convert this plentiful waste into useful material for future beneficial applications. The objective of this study was to employ chemical activation techniques to prepare a new activated carbon (AC) using discarded oil palm leaves (OPL) in Malaysia. Three chemical agents (H3PO4, NaOH and ZnCl2), as well as three pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C) and various impregnation ratios (1:0.5–1:3) were used to optimize the preparation process. As a result, the oil palm leaves activated carbon (OPLAC), with prominent surface properties, was obtained by ZnCl2 activations with a 1:1 impregnation ratio and carbonized at a pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C. The OPLAC-ZC had a surface area of 331.153 m2/g, pore size of...
Engineering Journal, 2017
This study aimed to use sago palm bark to formulate a new adsorbent activated carbon (AC) contains highly surface area through physicochemical method via ZnCl2 activation. Conduction of the activation process was performed at varying impregnation ratios (0.5-2.0). Thermal decomposition was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Porosity characterizations of AC were conducted by using N2 adsorption-desorption in order to characterise properties like pore volume, surface area, and micropore volume. To detect the presence of functional groups which were found on the surface of AC, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was utilised. Morphology of AC was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Experimental results showed that maximum AC surface area was 1737 m 2 /g. Activation temperature was revealed to be 700 o C, with chemical impregnation ratio of zinc chloride to a precursor equal to 1.5/1.
Development of activated carbon from banana pseudo-stem via single step of chemical activation
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2016
Activated carbon with high surface area was successfully produced from banana pseudo-stem through a single step chemical activation process. The effect of activation parameters such as types of activating chemical (ZnCl 2 and H 3 PO 4), impregnation ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 precursor/activating agent), activation time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and activation temperature (400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 °C) were evaluated based on optimum product yield and iodine number. The optimized parameters were found at impregnation ratio of 1:2 using ZnCl 2 , activation time and the activation temperature of 60 min and 600 °C respectively. The product obtained from optimum parameters was further investigate using chemical and textural characteristic by using N 2 adsorption-desorption measurement, elemental analyser CHNS, SEM, FTIR. The result suggested that the AC possessed of mesoporous structure. BET surface area, total pore volume and pore diameters of the AC prepared from optimum condition were 1329.5 m 2 /g, 1.16 cm 3 /g and 3.8 nm respectively.