In vitro Anti-Cholesterol and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Flax Seeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) (original) (raw)
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR), 2020
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) persists to be the world's leading reason for mortality and morbidity. The major type of CVD is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is the obstruction of coronary arteries frequently instigated by arteriosclerosis (plaque buildup in the coronary artery, which hampers blood flow to the myocardial muscles). This research was conducted to examine the effects of oral intake of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) powder on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis (induced through high-fat diet) in female Wistar rats. The pharmacological effects of flaxseed are diverse. It has an antiarrhythmic effect, antiarthritic effect, antilipidemic, atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity effect on the body. Methodology: A total of 32 female Wistar rats (200 g) were divided equally into four groups. Group I (n=8) rats kept as control and given normal rat chow diet, Group II rats kept as positive control for induction of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis by addition of saturated edible fat to the standard diet (high cholesterol diet-HCD), Group III rats fed with flaxseed powder at 7.5 g/kg of rat/day in the standard rat chow diet and kept as flaxseed control, and Group IV rats supplemented with flaxseed at 7.5 g/kg of rat/day along with HCD and maintained for 15 days. Results: Group II rats showed higher lipid profile and glucose level. Flaxseed supplementation, along with a high cholesterol diet, drastically restored the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) decreasing frequency of CAD. Histologic investigations showed preserved myocardial walls with minor changes in flaxseed treated rats, whereas increased lymphoid aggregation with inflammation in high fat + flaxseed treated. Conclusion: The biochemical assays and histological results showed the moderate cardio-protective activity of flaxseed administration for 15 days along with a high-fat diet was found to moderately reduce the CVD risk in rats.
Veterinary World, 2018
Background and Aim: Flaxseeds are known to have varying antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherogenic activity due to its lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, alpha-linolenic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids. The beneficial effect of whole grain dietary flaxseed was evaluated experimentally in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats (200 g) were divided into four groups of 12 rats each. Group I rats kept as control and given basal rat chew diet, Group II as positive control for induction of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis by addition of 1% cholesterol and 15% saturated edible oil to the 1000 g of standard rat chew diet (HCD), Group III rats fed with whole grain flaxseed powder at 7.5 g/kg of rat/day in the standard rat chew diet and kept as flaxseed control, and Group IV rats supplemented with flaxseed at 7.5 g/kg of rat/day along with HCD and maintained for 90 days. Results: Group II rats revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very LDL-C and significantly (p<0.05) reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), whereas tissue antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S transferase (GST) were significantly (p<0.05) reduced, and lipid peroxidation products of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level were nonsignificantly (p<0.05) increased in the heart and liver tissues. Flaxseeds supplementation along with HCD significantly ameliorated the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C along with cellular antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, SOD, GPx, GR, GST, and non-significant amelioration of TBARS in the heart and liver tissues compared to Group II rats. Majority of the histopathologically initiated atherosclerotic changes in the aorta and fatty change in the liver of Group II were not observed in the flaxseed supplemented Group IV; however, interestingly proliferation of endothelial cells with new vascular channel formation in the liver and in between cardiac muscle fibers was observed in Group I and Group IV rats. Conclusion: The present study established the hypercholesterolemia with initiated atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta but unable to establish the atheromatous plaque in the aorta. Flaxseed supplementation along with HCD showed significant antihypercholesterolemic effect and ameliorated the changes of initiated atherosclerosis in the aorta. It needs further studies to explore all the possible beneficial effects and angiogenic properties of flaxseeds in the laboratory animals and human trials.
Effect of raw and heated flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) on blood lipid profiles in rats
2011
Flaxseed is a nutrient rich seed and lipid profiles improving effect of it has long been studied. Effect of heating as a part of food processing on its beneficial characteristics is not clarified in literature. This study aims to provide complementary information on effect of different dosages of raw and heated flaxseed on lipid profiles. Sprague Dawley rats were fed with 10%, 20% or 30% of either raw or heated flaxseed in the basal diet for 30 days. Total cholesterol significantly reduced in all flaxseed groups and high density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in 20% raw and 30% raw and heated flaxseed groups. Significant reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol only observed in 30% raw flaxseed groups. It is concluded that 30 days consumption of flaxseed may significantly reduce total cholesterol and increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood. Oven heating may not have significant effect on lipid profile improving effect of flaxseed.
Flaxseed and Its Components in Treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease
International Journal of Angiology, 2020
This paper describes the effects of flaxseed and its components (flax oil, secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside[SDG], flax lignan complex [FLC], and flax fibers] on serum lipids (total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and triglycerides [TG]) in animals and humans. Ordinary flaxseed reduces TG, TC, LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C levels in a dose-dependent manner in animals. In humans, it reduces serum lipids in hypercholesterolemicpatients but has no effects in normocholesterolemicpatients. Flax oil has variable effects on serum lipids in normo- and hypercholesterolemic animals. Flax oil treatment, with a dosage containing greater than 25 g/day of α-linolenic acid, reduces serum lipids in humans. Although FLC reduces serum lipids and raises serum HDL-C in animals, its effects on serum lipids in humans are small and variable. Flax fibers exert small effects on serum lipids in humans. Crop Development Centre (CDC)-flaxseed, wh...
Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid
Atherosclerosis, 1998
Flaxseed (Type I flaxseed) with 51-55% h-linolenic acid in its oil and richest source of plant lignans, has been shown to reduce hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by 46% without lowering serum lipids. Antiatherogenic activity was claimed to be due to its h-linolenic acid and/or lignan content. If h-linolenic acid component of flaxseed is responsible for antiatherogenic activity, then, CDC-flaxseed (Type II flaxseed) which has similar oil and lignan content but has very little (2-3% of the total oil) h-linolenic acid would have no antiatherogenic effect. An investigation, therefore, was made of Type II flaxseed on high cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis and serum lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)] in rabbits. Rabbits were assigned to four groups: Group I, Control; Group II, Type II flaxseed diet (7.5 g/kg orally daily); Group III, 1% cholesterol diet; Group IV, 1% cholesterol diet supplemented with Type II flaxseed (7.5 g/kg orally daily). Blood samples were collected before (0 time) and after 4 and 8 weeks of experimental diets for measurement of serum lipids. Aorta was removed at the end of 8 weeks for assessment of atherosclerotic plaques. Serum TC, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C were lower in Group IV as compared to Group III by 14 and 31%, 17 and 32%, 28 and 34% and 24 and 32%, respectively, at 4 and 8 weeks. HDL-C was not affected by Type II flaxseed in hypercholesterolemic rabbit. TG and VLDL-C were markedly increased in Group IV as compared to Group III. Type II flaxseed reduced the development of atherosclerosis by 69%. Histological changes in the atherosclerotic regions were qualitatively similar in Groups III and IV. Results indicate that reduction in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by Type II flaxseed is due to a decrease in serum TC and LDL-C. In conclusion, antiatherogenic activity of Type II flaxseed is not due to h-linolenic acid.
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2015
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is composed mainly of bioactive components such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and lignans. Flaxseed can be found in different presentation forms (grain or flour) and varieties (brown or golden); however, questions have arisen as to whether the presentation form and/or variety may influence the health effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on blood pressure, anthropometric and oxidative parameters in healthy human volunteers. All subjects received 40 gram aliquots of flaxseed and were instructed to consume them in their entirety mixed with water in the morning for a period of 14 days. Oxidative parameters showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins via dietary intervention with golden flaxseed grains. There were no significant differences in anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, DNA damage and micronuclei frequency after 14-day supplementation. This research indicates that golden flaxseed grains can be a valuable adjunct for disease prevention and protecting the organism against oxidative damage.
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2015
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is composed mainly of bioactive components such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and lignans. Flaxseed can be found in different presentation forms (grain or flour) and varieties (brown or golden); however, questions have arisen as to whether the presentation form and/or variety may influence the health effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on blood pressure, anthropometric and oxidative parameters in healthy human volunteers. All subjects received 40 gram aliquots of flaxseed and were instructed to consume them in their entirety mixed with water in the morning for a period of 14 days. Oxidative parameters showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins via dietary intervention with golden flaxseed grains. There were no significant differences in anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, DNA damage and micronuclei frequency after 14-day supplementation. This research indicates that golden flaxseed grains can be a valuable adjunct for disease prevention and protecting the organism against oxidative damage.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2021
The current review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of Bioactive compounds and pharmacological uses, of Linum usitatissimum, and to list its significant therapeutic benefits. From various studies, researchers specified the pharmacological properties of flaxseed. The phytoconstituents like lignan and ? linolenic acid are the richest of flaxseeds. It is also a chief source for soluble fiber, high-quality protein, and antioxidants. Its long trip from old era to the 21st century from being a medication in old age opened the way for a broad populace. Linolenic acid, linoleic acid, lignans, polysaccharides cyclic peptides, alkaloids, cadmium and cyanogenic glycosides were some of the biologically active chemicals and elements. Flaxseed extracts containing lignan or ? linolenic acid were often the focus of biological and clinical research. Some beneficial outcomes for health include decreasing cardiovascular illnesses, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer and arthritis, osteoporosis,...
Santosh University Journal of Health Sciences
The most important risk factor of IHD is hyperlipidaemia. The dietary manipulation with flaxseed powder has reduced the incidence of CVD by decreasing the lipid profile in human beings. So flaxseed powder has been used in the present study to analyse its hypolipidemic action in experimentally induced hyperlipidaemia in male albino rats. Materials and Methods: This is an animal interventional study. It was conducted in 24 male albino rats divided into 4 groups with 6 animals in each. Gr I (control), GrII to see the per se effect of flaxseed powder, Gr III (standard) kept on High cholesterol diet and Gr IV (test) kept on high cholesterol diet with flaxseed powder. The study was conducted for two weeks. Blood samples for estimation of TC, TGc, LDLc, VLDLc and HDLc were collected at the beginning and at the end of the study period from orbital vein. Results: In the intervention group fed on flaxseed powder and HCD significantly reduced the blood lipids but not in the Gr II fed on flaxseed alone. The HCD fed Standard group developed a highly significant rise in lipid levels of the rats. This has revealed that incorporation of flaxseed in diet may protect against the development of IHD. The hypolipidemic effect of flaxseeds may be due to the presence of rich content of omega 3 fatty acids, ALA, Lignans and antioxidant properties and phytoestrogens. Conclusion: So, we conclude that flaxseed powder administration has highly significantly reduced the blood lipid levels in rats. The addition of flaxseed in diet has a beneficial effect on lipids and protects against cardiovascular disorders due to omega 3 fatty acids, ALA and Lignans.