Development of an extended-laboratory method to test bait insecticides (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Pesticide Science, 2007
Current Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) control in Spain is based primarily on applications of organophosphate insecticides, especially malathion, mixed with protein baits. In Spain, one of the current research lines is focused on finding more environmentally friendly insecticides. One such alternative is the insecticide spinosad. We compared two formulations and various concentrations of spinosad bait treatments (10% Spintor Cebo ® and 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% Spintor 480 SC ® ϩ0.5% Nu-lure) under laboratory conditions and found all treatments to be effective in causing high mortality of C. capitata adults within 6 days of exposure to 0-, 3-, or 6-day-old residues. Field trials demonstrated that 5% Spintor Cebo ® , 0.1% Spintor 480 SC ® ϩ0.5% Nu-lure, and 0.5% Malafin 50 ® ϩ0.5% Nu-lure reduced C. capitata adults similarly and protected fruit from C. capitata damage to a similar extent. Both spinosad treatments will be promising as a replacement for malathion in bait sprays.
2015
Malathion is the key insecticide used in the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tunisia. Resistance to this organophosphate insecticide has been reported in various insect species. The use of Malathion will slowly phase out and replaced by more environment friendly insecticides such as spinosad. In this study, we evaluated spinosad as a replacement of Malathion in bait spray to control C. capitata in Tunisian citrus orchards. The assessment was based on weekly monitoring of C. capitata males catches in traps baited with trimedlure and the estimate of fruit damage on the Maltaise variety. Our results showed that the population level was significantly lower in spinosad than in Malathion bait sprays with 1.6 and 15.30 fly/trap/day respectively. The effectiveness of spinosad treatment was confirmed by significantly low rates of fruit damage not exceeding 9.75 %.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2009
The Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most important fruit pests worldwide. Mediterranean fruit ßy control in Spain has been based on organophosphate sprays, especially malathion, mixed with protein baits. However, this insecticide has recently been excluded from annex 1 of the Directive 91/414 CEE, which lists authorized active ingredients for pest control in the European Union. This article reports on the efÞcacy of four alternative baited insecticides on Mediterranean fruit ßy and their side effects on three natural enemies [Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant), Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), and Aphidius colemani (Viereck)] relevant for pest control in citrus agroecosystems. A high Mediterranean fruit ßy mortality was obtained for all baited insecticides (phosmet and spinosad) except lambdacyhalothrin, which caused the lowest mortality and showed a novel disabling effect on surviving Mediterranean fruit ßy adults. Spinosad proved to be the most selective bait treatment for C. montrouzieri and N. californicus, whereas for A. colemani the most selective bait was phosmet and lambda-cyhalothrin. These Þndings would contribute to a sustainable chemical control of C. capitata populations under an integrated pest management system in Spanish citrus orchards.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2009
The Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most important fruit pests worldwide. Mediterranean fruit ßy control in Spain has been based on organophosphate sprays, especially malathion, mixed with protein baits. However, this insecticide has recently been excluded from annex 1 of the Directive 91/414 CEE, which lists authorized active ingredients for pest control in the European Union. This article reports on the efÞcacy of four alternative baited insecticides on Mediterranean fruit ßy and their side effects on three natural enemies [Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant), Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), and Aphidius colemani (Viereck)] relevant for pest control in citrus agroecosystems. A high Mediterranean fruit ßy mortality was obtained for all baited insecticides (phosmet and spinosad) except lambdacyhalothrin, which caused the lowest mortality and showed a novel disabling effect on surviving Mediterranean fruit ßy adults. Spinosad proved to be the most selective bait treatment for C. montrouzieri and N. californicus, whereas for A. colemani the most selective bait was phosmet and lambda-cyhalothrin. These Þndings would contribute to a sustainable chemical control of C. capitata populations under an integrated pest management system in Spanish citrus orchards.
Comparative Toxicity of Certain Insecticides against Two Species of Fruit Flies
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 2019
The full grown larvae and pupae of 3-days old of both Bactrocera zonata and Ceratitis capitata were sandy-soil-treated under laboratory conditions with five different insecticides to determine their comparative toxicity. The toxicity of the used compounds differently varied against the 3 rd larval instar of B. zonata, where Marisol 1.8% EC (abamectin) surpassed the other tested compounds at LC 50 (5.343 µl/L), while Opal 5%EC (lufenuron) was the most effective insecticide against the 3 rd larval instar of C. capitata showing the lowest value of LC 50 of 11.299 µl/L. Respecting to the three-day old pupae of the two tested species, Marisol 1.8%EC was the most potent compound at LC 50 (395.461 µl/L for B. zonata and 151.373 µl/L for C. capitate). The full grown larvae of B. zonata were the most susceptible to Heater 3%SC (lufenuron+emamectin benzoate) and Marisol 1.8%EC at both LC 50 and LC 90 , where those of C. capitata showed tolerance level to the two insecticides by 7.
Toxicity of Different Dilutions of Spinosad Bait against Two Fruit-fly Species (Diptera: Tephritidae
2019
Toxic bait is an alternative to manage fruit flies (Tephritidae) in orchards and in wide-area programmes. The mortality caused by different dilutions of spinosad baits on adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) (Tephritidae) were compared with a hydrolysed protein (BioAnastrepha) and water in laboratory. Females and males of C. capitata and A. grandis were exposed to Success ® 0.02CB (GF-120 NF Naturalyte fruit-fly, 0.02% spinosad) diluted in distilled water (v/v) at 1:1.5; 1:4.5; 1:9.0 and 1:18.0. Spinosad dilutions at 1: 1.5 and 1: 4.5 showed similar effects and provided 100% adult mortality 24 hours after exposure to the baits. Anastrepha grandis was more susceptible to spinosad baits than C. capitata. Females of C. capitata were less susceptible to spinosad diluted at 1: 1.5, 1: 4.5 and 1: 90, than C. capitata males and both sexes of A. grandis. The values of lethal times (LT 50) varied for the different dilutions of spinosad for both fruit-fly species; however, with different patterns for each species. The LT 50 values of the two highest concentrations (1: 1.5, 1: 4.5) of spinosad bait were similar for fruit flies of both sexes of Original Research Article Raga et al.; JEAI, 32(2): 1-11, 2019; Article no.JEAI.47151 2 each species, but a significant difference was observed between species, with higher LT 50 values for C. capitata. In general, the cumulative mortalities of spinosad baits increased at 240, 360, 480 minutes and 24 hours after exposure. BioAnastrepha was shown to be toxic to both species, especially for A. grandis, killing 82% of females and 72% of males at 24 hours after exposure. Spinosad bait may be used in different dilutions to manage C. capitata and A. grandis, with similar toxicity for the two highest spinosad concentrations.
Toxicity of fruit fly baits to beneficial insects in citrus
Journal of insect science (Online), 2003
Two fruit fly baits, Nu-Lure/malathion and GF-120 (Spinosad) were evaluated in the laboratory for non-target impacts on beneficial insects. Nu-Lure/malathion proved attractive and toxic to adults and larvae of the coccinellid species, Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, Cycloneda sanguinea L. and Harmonia axyridis Pallas, a lacewing species, Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister. The coccinellids Olla v-nigrum Mulsant, Scymnus sp. and nymphs of the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) did not succumb to Nu-Lure baits, even in no-choice situations. Nu-Lure was also attractive and lethal to adults of two aphidophagous flies; Leucopis sp. and the syrphid fly Pseudodorus clavatus (F.). Both Nu-Lure and GF-120 caused significant mortality to the parasitoid wasps, Aphytis melinus De Bach and Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson, within 24 h of exposure. However, GF-120 caused no significant mortality to any coccinellid in either choice or no-choice situations, despite considerable consumption of ba...
Environmental Entomology, 1990
The longevity of two primary aphid parasitoids, Aphidius liriodendrii Liu and Trioxys curvicaudus (MacKauer), was severely reduced when they were exposed in the laboratory to a malathion bait spray used to eradicate the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The longevity of several hyperparasites of A. liriodendrii and T. curvicaudus also was reduced. Oviposition of A. liriodendrii was severely reduced on plants that received field applications of malathion bait spray. The parasitoids appeared neither attracted to nor repelled by the malathion bait. Pesticide contact occurred during apparently random searching by the parasitoids. As T. curvicaudus is reportedly responsible for the biological control of its aphid host, Eucallipterus tiliae (L.), malathion bait sprays used for Mediterranean fruit fly control may cause an increase in aphid populations by reducing the effectiveness of primary parasitoids.
Development of bait stations for fruit fly population suppression
Journal of economic entomology, 2007
The application of insecticides is an essential component for eradication or management of fruit ßy pests. Impact on nontarget organisms and public rejection of areawide pesticide applications have been major concerns in managing these programs. Bait stations have been proposed as alternative treatments in areas where broadcast insecticides are not acceptable. In this study, we deÞned bait stations as discrete containers of attractants and toxins, which are targeted at speciÞc pests. Tests were carried out using the Mexican fruit ßy, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), as the experimental insect. Our Þrst bait station design was a sheet of sponge material fastened to a plastic peaked cover. Liquid bait consisting of protein hydrolyzate, sugar, adjuvants, a photoactive dye toxicant, and other additives was applied to the sponge. This station, when tested in an orchard, reduced sterile released adult populations by 70 Ð90% in 4 d compared with check plots. Other tests in Þeld cages showed that the bait station was Ϸ22% less effective in killing adults compared with spot sprays on trees. We formulated a gelled bait by using a more reÞned hydrolyzed protein, supplemental attractants, feeding stimulants, and additives to protect the bait from drying. A series of experiments were carried out in Þeld cages by using a cylindrical bait station that provided improved protection of the bait. These tests showed that there is a gradual decline in bait effectiveness with age.