An Analysis of the Value Chain for Indigenous Chickens in Zambia’s Lusaka and Central Provinces (original) (raw)
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Traditional or village poultry, consisting primarily of indigenous chickens, make up over 80% of poultry in Africa. Most are kept as small flocks in free-ranging, scavenging, low input production systems. They provide vital nutritional and financial needs especially for children, women of reproductive age, people with HIV/AIDS and the poor. Poultry meat and eggs provide animal source protein and essential micronutrients which improves growth and cognitive development in children. While productivity of indigenous chickens is low due to uncontrolled disease and an unreliable scavenging resource base, the minimal inputs result in a high benefit-cost ratio. By increasing supplementary feeding through improved crop yields and improving disease control through vaccination, a higher number of chickens of greater bodyweight will be available to market. An appraisal of the indigenous chicken market in Tanzania and Zambia was conducted to identify the key individuals (including gender imbalances), market channels, commercialisation margins, market trends and competition from exotic, commercial chickens (broilers and spent layers). Consumers preferred indigenous chickens and urban consumers paid their significantly higher price, which resulted from the accumulative costs of intermediary traders' fees, transport costs and market fees. Commercial chickens in urban markets sold at a lower price but were vulnerable to fluctuating costs of high inputs. Indigenous chicken producers' margins were favourable enough to suggest that some additional costs were sustainable, provided the off take channels and consumer confidence is sustained. Markets for indigenous chickens were informal and consequently, their response to increased production may be unpredictable.
International journal of research and innovation in applied science, 2022
Most communal farmers in Chivi district of Zimbabwe rear indigenous chickens. However, the impact of interventions by government and non-government partners remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess impact of indigenous chicken production in semi-arid areas with a focus on Chivi district. The research focused on indigenous chickens as the enterprise has the potential to increase rural population income and in turn improve the nutrition for the rural population. A total of 160 indigenous chicken farmers were sampled from a population of 1240 who received past interventions in trainings, feed and chicks or pullets from development partners and government using a survey questionnaire. Variables such as age, farmer experience, education, type of dwelling, maize, cattle, goats, supplementary feed, type of housing, resting of fowl run, vaccinations and type of hatching method were found to be significantly affecting sales rate. Indigenous chicken production was found to be weakly profitable as a positive gross margin was obtained. The study also revealed that value chain actors in indigenous chicken production had no processors. It was concluded that though indigenous chicken production was profitable, the above stated factors affect impact of indigenous chickens. The value chain map had no processors. Capacitating farmers on poultry management and availing credit to finance production and marketing players is important to improve indigenous chickens among smallholder farmers.
2021
Poultry production has multiple roles in the livelihoods of rural and peri-urban households in Ethiopia. It provides high-quality protein, generates income and employment opportunities, and supplies manure that enhances crop and other livestock production activities. The sector has diverse economic and social contributions at the household, community and national levels. It is the source of livelihood for many different actors including input suppliers, marketing actors (aggregators/collectors, retailers and wholesalers) and processors. The poultry production sector in Ethiopia comprises backyard or smallholder production, small-scale commercial production and large-scale commercial production. Although it is mostly known for its low-input and low-output production system, backyard or smallholder poultry production is one of the main contributors to eggs and meat in the country. As a result, the country has been implementing a poultry development roadmap to enhance the production and productivity of the sector over the last few year (Shapiro et al. 2015). The focuses of the roadmap are transforming existing traditional smallholder poultry production to improved semi-scavenging production system and increasing specialised layer and broiler productions. As part of these efforts, together with other national partners, ILRI has been implementing the ACGG project since 2014. The project tests and introduced high-producing and farmer-preferred locally adapted genotypes that increase smallholder chicken production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa, more specifically in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. Project interventions included the on-farm and on-station testing of tropically adapted improved breeds (TAIBs) that help to enhance chicken production and productivity in the region. Results from the on-farm and on-station experiments demonstrate that some of the genotypes have higher egg and meat productivity under smallholder management conditions. Farmers prefer these breeds, and locally adapted genotypes have been distributed to smallholder producers through public-private partnership approaches. This partnership has involved mother units that can raise chicks for a certain number of days in an intensive management system. There is inadequate evidence however on the economic performance of adopting these introduced breeds under smallholder management conditions, mother units and other producers such as small-scale commercial producers and marketing actors along the value chain. In response to this, ILRI conducted a brief assessment to explore the economic feasibility and marketing performance of different value chain actors and examine the main challenges and opportunities in the sector. This report presents the main findings of the assessment conducted in selected market sheds of the country. The assessment focused on smallholder chicken producers, mother units, small-scale commercial farms, traders and meat processors. We adopted multistage sampling techniques where we selected market sheds, chicken producing villages and sample respondents subsequently. The market sheds were selected purposively based on their chicken production and marketing potentials and the presence of different value chain actors in the area. Accordingly, we selected Addis Ababa, Wolaita and Bahir Dar as the three market sheds. We selected the locations based on their dual-purpose improved breed chicken adoption status as one of the main objectives of the assessment was to estimate the economic contribution of dual-purpose breed-based chicken production. Small-scale commercial producers and other marketing actors were selected based on their availability in each market shed. We interviewed a sample of smallholder producers, mother units, layers farms, broilers farms, aggregators, wholesalers, retailers and chicken meat processors in each market shed. Furthermore, as background information on the overall smallholder-chicken production and use in the country, we used 14-year time series secondary data collected by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA).
IOSR Journals , 2019
This study aimed at exploring how selected factors of disease control, credit, market infrastructure, and skills development affect the development of the indigenous poultry production value chain in Kathiani Sub-County.The value chain approach embraces the full range of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the intermediary phases of production, delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use. Traditionally extension agents have concentrated their efforts on innovation transfer that targeted production aspects of a poultry and ignored other factors of the value chain. Most farmers specialize in production and may be excluded from decision making about issues that affect them outside their farms. There exists a knowledge gap of what potential there is for income generation and employment creation in the indigenous poultry value chain. Despite their hard work,poultry farmers continue to have low incomes resulting into low living standards. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The target population consisted of 35 farmers, 5 Agrovet attendants, 5 local poultry traders, and 5 Field Extension Officers. Simple random sampling was used to select 35 farmers who participated in the study.Using purposive sampling method 5 Agrovets, 5 poultry traders and5 extension officers. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using frequencies, means and multiple regression at p = 0.05. Results from the study indicated that reconstitution of the Newcastle vaccine and market access had statistically significant effects on the development of the indigenous poultry value chain in Kathiani Sub County. In addition, market facilities for slaughter, cold storage and dedicated sell outlets for table birds were completely lacking in all the major market centers in the study area. Extension agents should embrace the value chain approach and provide information on marketing. Local authorities in consultation with relevant technical departments to invest in market infrastructure at fresh produce markets that will enhance sales of table birds and other poultry products. The researcher made several recommendations which include the farmers should be educated more by extension service providers on how to reconstitute the NCD vaccine. The thermal stable NCD vaccine should be made available in the rural areas where electricity is not available. Likewise, There is need to investigate to what extent Common Interest Groups (CIGs) on commercialization of indigenous poultry are a driver in the development of the indigenous poultry value chain in Kathiani Sub County.
A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan
Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2020
The chicken industry of Pakistan is a major livestock sub-sector, playing a pivotal role in economic growth and rural development. This study aimed to characterize and map the structure of broiler and layer production systems, associated value chains, and chicken disease management in Pakistan. Qualitative data were collected in 23 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion on the types of production systems, inputs, outputs, value addition, market dynamics, and disease management. Quantitative data on proportions of commodity flows were also obtained. Value chain maps were generated to illustrate stakeholder groups and their linkages, as well as flows of birds and products. Thematic analysis was conducted to explain the functionality of the processes, governance, and disease management. Major chicken production systems were: (1) Environmentally controlled production (97-98%) and (2) Open-sided house production (2-3%). Broiler management systems were classified as (I) Independent broiler production; (II) Partially integrated broiler production; and (III) Fully integrated broiler production, accounting for 65-75, 15-20, and 10-15% of commercial broiler meat supply, respectively. The management systems for layers were classified as (I) Partially integrated layer production and (II) Independent layer production, accounting for 10 and 80-85% in the egg production, respectively. The share of backyard birds for meat and eggs was 10-15%. Independent, and integrated systems for chicken production could be categorized in terms of value chain management, dominance of actors, type of finished product and target customers involved. Integrated systems predominantly targeted high-income customers and used formal infrastructure. Numerous informal chains were identified in independent and some partially integrated systems, with middlemen playing a key role in the distribution of finished birds and eggs. Structural deficiencies in terms of poor farm management, lack of regulations for ensuring good farming practices and price fixing of products were key themes identified. Both private and public stakeholders were found to have essential roles in passive disease surveillance, strategy development and provision of health consultancies. This study provides a foundation for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate disease transmission, its impact and control and the structural deficiencies identified could inform interventions to improve performance of the poultry sector in Pakistan.
Agricultural Systems
Commercial layer and indigenous chicken farming in Nairobi and associated activities in the egg value chains are a source of livelihood for urban families. A value chain mapping framework was used to describe types of inputs and outputs from chicken farms, challenges faced by producers and their disease control strategies. Commercial layer farms were defined as farms keeping exotic breeds of chicken, whereas indigenous chicken farms kept different cross breeds of indigenous chicken. Four focus group discussions were held with producers of these chickens in peri-urban area: Dagoretti, and one informal settlement: Kibera. Qualitative data were collected on interactions between farmers, sources of farm inputs and buyers of poultry products, simple ranking of production challenges, farmers' perception on diseases affecting chicken and strategies for management of sick chicken and waste products. Value chain profiles were drawn showing sources of inputs and channels for distribution of chicken products. Production challenges and chicken disease management strategies were presented as qualitative summaries. Commercial layer farms in Dagoretti kept an average of 250 chickens (range 50-500); while flock sizes in Kibera were 12 chickens (range 5-20). Farms keeping indigenous chicken had an average of 23 chickens (range 8-40) in Dagoretti, and 10 chickens (range 5-16) in Kibera. Commercial layer farms in Dagoretti obtained chicks from distributors of commercial hatcheries, but farms in Kibera obtained chicks from hawkers who in turn sourced them from distributors of commercial hatcheries. Indigenous chicken farms from Dagoretti relied on natural hatching of fertilised eggs, but indigenous chicken farms in Kibera obtained chicks from their social connection with communities living in rural areas. Outlets for eggs from commercial layer farms included local shops, brokers, restaurants and hawkers, while eggs from indigenous chicken farms were sold to neighbours and restaurants. Sieved chicken manure from Dagoretti area was fed to dairy cattle; whereas non-sieved manure was used as fertilizer on crops. Production challenges included poor feed quality, lack of space for expansion, insecurity, occurrence of diseases and lack of sources of information on chicken management. In Kibera, sick and dead chickens were slaughtered and consumed by households; this practice was not reported in Dagoretti. The chicken layer systems contribute to food security of urban households, yet they have vulnerabilities and deficiencies with regard to disease management and food safety that need to be addressed with support on research and extension.
Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies
Indigenous chickens contribute towards poverty reduction, income generation and economic empowerment of rural women. In this regard, employment of a profitable pricing strategy in selling the indigenous chickens becomes fundamental. This study sought to find out the pricing strategies used by rural women indigenous chicken breeders in one purposively selected village in Zimbabwe. An interpretivist paradigm, a qualitative approach and a case study design were employed to examine the issue under review. Seventeen rural women indigenous chicken breeders were key informants. Data collected using semi structured questionnaires and face to face interviews was analysed to discern themes. Results revealed that rural women indigenous chicken breeders did not apply any pricing strategies when selling their chickens. Prices were approximated based on mainly the weight of the chickens. The study concluded that rural women indigenous chicken breeders were ignorant of pricing strategies and facto...
Value Chain and Market Perfomance for Poultry in Kenya: Case of Guinea Fowls & Quails
2015
The Kenyan poultry industry is characterized by dualism, comprised of both smallholder and large-scale poultry producers. The industry is characterized by two main production systems namely; the commercial hybrid poultry production system and the indigenous poultry production system. The general objective of this study was to analyze the value chain and market performance for guinea fowls and Quails in Kenya. The specific objectives were; to determine the extent to which product interrelations adjustment influence market performance of Guinea Fowls and Quails in Kenya; to examine the extent to which adjustment of market interrelationships influence market performance of Guinea Fowls and Quails in Kenya; to identify the extent to which change in technology and disease interrelations influence market performance for Guinea Fowls and Quails in Kenya; to establish the extent to which adjustment of capital interrelations influence market performance of guinea Fowls and quails in Kenya. T...
An analysis of the efficiency of indigenous chicken marketing channels in Makueni County, Kenya
The indigenous chicken (IC) (Gallus domesticus) production is an important agricultural activity in many households in Kenya. Despite its importance, little research has been carried to enhance its productivity. Focus now is on IC because it presents an ideal poverty-food insecurity exit strategy especially for smallholders. It has been recently noted that market linkages is key in enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability. However, there is little information on the marketing efficiency of IC in Makueni. Therefore the objective of this study was to analyse the marketing efficiency of the IC market and make policy recommendations to support IC value chain. A total of 66 IC traders and 130 producers were selected using purposive random sampling in Makueni and Nairobi counties. A pretested questionnaire was administered and data analysed using the shepherd index and multiple regression. A total of 8 marketing channels were identified, with a marketing efficiency index of between 5.29 and 1.81. Marketing cost, number of intermediaries, marketing margin, profit and price of IC had a significant effect on the marketing efficiency. Therefore it was recommended that contract models should be adopted for collective marketing and an improved marketing efficiency.