Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Possible Alternative to Antibiotics in Combating Bacterial Drug Resistance (original) (raw)
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Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance
Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 2017
The discovery of antibiotics in the previous century lead to reduction in mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases but their inappropriate and irrational use has resulted in emergence of resistant microbial populations. Alteration of target sites, active efflux of drugs and enzymatic degradations are the strategies employed by the pathogenic bacteria to develop intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. This has led to an increased interest in medicinal plants since 25-50% of current pharmaceuticals are plant derived. Crude extracts of medicinal plants could serve as an alternate source of resistance modifying agents owing to the wide variety of secondary metabolites. These metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols etc.) could act as potentials for antimicrobials and resistance modifiers. Plant extracts have the ability to bind to protein domains leading to modification or inhibition protein-protein interactions. This enables the herbals to also present themselves as effectiv...
Exploring Phytochemicals for Combating Antibiotic Resistance in Microbial Pathogens
Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021
Antibiotic resistance or microbial drug resistance is emerging as a serious threat to human healthcare globally, and the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains are imposing major hurdles to the progression of drug discovery programs. Newer antibiotic-resistance mechanisms in microbes contribute to the inefficacy of the existing drugs along with the prolonged illness and escalating expenditures. The injudicious usage of the conventional and commonly available antibiotics in human health, hygiene, veterinary and agricultural practices is proving to be a major driver for evolution, persistence and spread of antibiotic-resistance at a frightening rate. The drying pipeline of new and potent antibiotics is adding to the severity. Therefore, novel and effective new drugs and innovative therapies to treat MDR infections are urgently needed. Apart from the different natural and synthetic drugs being tested, plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals are proving efficient in combating the drug-...
Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Antibiotics
The extensive usage of antibiotics and the rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microbes (AMR) are becoming important global public health issues. Many solutions to these problems have been proposed, including developing alternative compounds with antimicrobial activities, managing existing antimicrobials, and rapidly detecting AMR pathogens. Among all of them, employing alternative compounds such as phytochemicals alone or in combination with other antibacterial agents appears to be both an effective and safe strategy for battling against these pathogens. The present review summarizes the scientific evidence on the biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of phytochemicals used to treat microbial pathogenesis. A wide range of commercial products are currently available on the market. Their well-documented clinical efficacy suggests that phytomedicines are valuable sources of new types of antimicrobial agents for future use. Innovative approaches and methodologies fo...
Antibiotic resistance is becoming a serious challenge to the public health, particularly in the treatment of infectious diseases. Bacterial resistance against antibiotics of natural, semi-synthetic origin or purely synthetic compounds such as the fluoroquinolones or those which do not even enter the cells such as vancomycin has been reported. This mini review explored documented literature trend on mechanism of bacterial antibiotic resistance and the efficacy of phytochemicals as antibacterial compounds. According to the documented literature, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics includes antibiotic inactivation using bacterial enzymes such as β-lactamases, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes and acyltransferases, changes in the target sites of the antibiotics as exhibited by S. pneumonia, E. faecium and E. faecalis and decreased in membrane permeability/increased effluxion as demonstrated in the membrane trafficking of antibiotics such as β-lactam, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides. The documented literature on polyphenolic compounds derived from Cassia italica, Hypericum perforatum and many plants, alkaloids such as berberine and harmane were effective bacteriostatic as well as bacteriocidal substances. Terpernoid essential oil derivatives were reported to actively inhibit bacterial growth. The available literature showcased low toxicity, accessibility, cost effectiveness and remarkable potentiality of phytochemicals as effective antibacterial substances that could complement modern antibiotics and subsequently reduce the bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
Abstract Antibiotic use plays a major role in the emerging public health crisis of antibiotic resistance. Although the majority of antibiotic use occurs in agricultural settings, relatively little attention has been paid to how antibiotic use in farm animals contributes to the overall problem of antibiotic resistance. The problem of antibiotic resistance, which has limited the use of cheap and old antibiotics, has necessitated the need for a continued search for new antimicrobial compounds. Synthetic antibiotics bring about the inhibition of pathogens by either destroying their cell membrane or its permeability or by inhibiting metabolic processes of the pathogens and hence are extremely effective but the flip side of this is that synthetic chemicals are harmful for human as well as soil health. Hence there is a need to search for an environmentally safe and economically viable strategy for the control of diseases and to reduce the dependence on the synthetic agrochemicals. Use of plants as a source of medicine is as old as humanity that’s why focus of the world is shifting towards natural products and analogues. Use of medicinal plants may thus offer a new source of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents with significant activity against microorganisms. Keywords: Antibiotic, Food Animals, Resistance, Plant Extracts, Antimicrobial Agent, Modifying Agents
Plants as sources of new antimicrobials and resistance-modifying agents
Natural Product Reports, 2012
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are an increasing problem due to the emergence and propagation of microbial drug resistance and the lack of development of new antimicrobials. Traditional methods of antibiotic discovery have failed to keep pace with the evolution of resistance. Therefore, new strategies to control bacterial infections are highly desirable. Plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) have already demonstrated their potential as antibacterials when used alone and as synergists or potentiators of other antibacterial agents. The use of phytochemical products and plant extracts as resistance-modifying agents (RMAs) represents an increasingly active research topic. Phytochemicals frequently act through different mechanisms than conventional antibiotics and could, therefore be of use in the treatment of resistant bacteria. The therapeutic utility of these products, however, remains to be clinically proven. The aim of this article is to review the advances in in vitro and in vivo studies on the potential chemotherapeutic value of phytochemical products and plant extracts as RMAs to restore the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant pathogenic bacteria. The mode of action of RMAs on the potentiation of antibiotics is also described. 7
Antimicrobial potentials of plant extracts against drug resistant bacteria
Universities' Journal of Phytochemistry and Ayurvedic Heights
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious and growing threat to human health. The development of new antibiotics is limited and slow. The tradition of synergy in herbal medicine is being used as a source of research ideas. The in vitro findings were that most of the research reported synergy both within plants and between plants and antibiotics. Whole plant extracts and combinations of compounds were shown to be more effective antimicrobials than isolated constituents. New sources of antimicrobial drugs need to be identified and improved strategy should be developed to combat multidrug resistance problem in pathogenic bacteria. Plant extract and phytochemicals demonstrating antimicrobial action needs to be exploited for their synergistic action between extracts and with antibiotics to exploit it in modern phytomedicine and combinational therapy. In the present study alcoholic extracts of medicinal plants were screened for their antimicrobial efficacy against drug resistant bacteri...
Phytochemicals Against Drug-Resistant Microbes
Dietary Phytochemicals and Microbes, 2012
Bacteria are able to adapt to undesirable changes in nutrient availability, environmental conditions and presence of antimicrobial products, as well as to immunological defenses. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasingly prevalent and consequently new antimicrobials are needed to control these pathogens . Serious infections caused by bacteria that have become resistant to commonly used antibiotics have become a major global healthcare problem in the twenty-fi rst century. Development of resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR ), is unavoidable because it represents a particular aspect of the general microbial evolution. Many bacterial diseases, which were thought to have been eradicated from developing countries, might once again become a serious health problem. There is thus an urgent need for products that act on novel molecular targets that circumvent resistance mechanisms. In this context, plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) have already demonstrated their potential as antibacterials when used alone, and as synergists /potentiators of less effective products. Moreover, phytochemicals can be used where bacterial resistance mechanisms, such as MDR, make conventional treatments ineffective and also in the control of biofi lms . The aim of this chapter is to cover the recent advances on phytochemical antibacterial activities against drugresistant bacteria .
2020
The advent of antibiotics revolutionized medical care resulting in significantly reduced mortality and morbidity caused by infectious diseases. However, excessive use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance and indeed, the incidence of multidrug‐resistant pathogens is considered as a major disadvantage in medication strategy, which has led the scholar's attention towards innovative antibiotic sources in recent years. Medicinal plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites with a wide range of therapeutic potential against the resistant microbes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the antibacterial potential of traditional herbal medicine against bacterial infections. More than 200 published research articles reporting the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against drug‐resistant microbial infections were searched using different databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and the Directory of Open Access Journals (D...