Non-invasive continuous-time glucose monitoring system using a chipless printable sensor based on split ring microwave resonators (original) (raw)
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Design and In Vitro Interference Test of Microwave Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Sensor
A design of a microwave noninvasive continuous blood glucose monitoring sensor and its interference test results are presented. The novelty of the proposed sensor is that it comprises two spatially separated split-ring resonators, where one interacts with the change in glucose level of a sample under test while the other ring is used as a reference. The reference ring has a slightly different resonant frequency and is desensitized to the sample owing to its location, thus allowing changes in temperature to be calibrated out. From an oral glucose tolerance test with two additional commercially available sensors (blood strip and continuous glucose monitor) in parallel, we obtained encouraging performance for our sensor comparable with those of the commercial sensors. The effects of endogenous interferents common to all subjects, i.e., common sugars, vitamins (ascorbic acid), and metabolites (uric acid) have also been investigated by using a large Franz cell assembly. From the interference test, it is shown that the change in sensor response is dominated by changes in glucose level for concentrations relevant to blood, and the effects of interferents are negligible in comparison.
A Highly sensitive Microwave Resonator for Non- Invasive Blood Glucose Level Detection
IET, 2018
This paper presents a new approach for measuring blood glucose level using microwave technique in a non-invasive technique. A microwave resonator was designed, simulated, fabricated, and used to measure frequency shifts caused by varying standard glucose solution, and blood glucose through the finger of the human volunteer before and after high glucose meal consumption. The device was able to measure and differentiate the reflection coefficients of standard glucose solutions ranging from 60mg/dl to 110 mg/dl, and between blood glucose of human subject before and after high glucose content meal consumption. The numerical results show the prospects of the microwave technique for monitoring blood glucose levels within the normal to a diabetic condition in humans. The proposed method can potentially provide a practical application of a low-cost and fast monitoring of the glucose levels in a non-invasive way for diabetic patients. Also, the device is sensitive and could detect as low as 0.1g/l change in glucose concentration.
Microstrip Ring Resonator for Noninvasive and Continuous Glucose Monitoring System
2020
Noninvasive glucose monitoring system has been a scrumptious field of research for last three decades. With the advancement of technology and equipment, many non-invasive glucose monitoring devices have been evolved. Some of them are promising technology among the others. However, several published researches hide much of the research data. Even many of them do not have new updates afterwards their promising approach. Moreover, limitations and negative reviews regarding the glucose monitoring devices available in the market, have been reported. Thus, the search for the next generation of pain free, reliable, cost effective glucose monitoring technique is still alive. Researchers are now more interested in the study of microwave or electromagnetic sensing technique in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio frequency bands which detects the dielectric parameters of the blood and interstitial fluid, caused by the changes in glucose concentration level as a possible approach...
A Microwave Ring Resonator Based Glucose Sensor
Procedia Engineering, 2016
A microwave ring resonator based glucose detecting biosensor incorporating glucose oxidase enzyme is presented. Sensor uses a split ring resonator as a transducer, where the sensing operation is done by the observation of shifts in its resonant frequency. Resonator was fabricated with basic fabrication techniques and the enzyme was immobilized via conductive polymer agent PEDOT:PSS. Experimentally observed redshift of resonant frequency of the sensor in response to different loading conditions are in agreement with simulation results and theoretical expectations. Sensor selectivity is confirmed with control experiments conducted with NaCl solutions. Experiments done with different glucose solution concentrations yielded a sensor sensitivity of 0.174MHz/mgml-1 .
Microwave reflective biosensor for glucose level detection in aqueous solutions ଝ
Sensors and Actuators A, 2020
This article presents the design and analysis of a real-time non-invasive microwave microfluidic sensor for measuring glucose concentration in aqueous solutions. The sensor is made of an open-ended microstrip transmission line loaded with a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR). The CSRR shows a very intense electric field concentration at resonance, which is highly sensitive to the dielectric sample loading. A microfluidic channel is designed to deliver the glucose solutions to the sensitive area of the device. By applying liquid samples to the channel, a resonance frequency shift is detectable in the reflection coefficient (S 11) of the device. This in turn leads to a change in the |S 11 |. Both of the frequency shift and |S 11 | can be used to measure the glucose level in the solution. Mathematical models are developed based on the measurement results of the glucose-water solutions using the resonance frequency shift and |S 11 |. The developed sensing models are then used for detecting the glucose levels down to physiological values using the designed biosensor. The results prove the potential compatibility of the proposed biosensor for human glycaemia monitoring.
Triple-Poles Complementary Split Ring Resonator for Sensing Diabetics Glucose Levels at cm-Band
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Microwave sensors are very promising for sensing the blood glucose levels non-invasively for their non-ionizing nature, miniaturized sizing, and low health risks for diabetics. All these features offer the possibility for realizing a portable non-invasive glucose sensor for monitoring glucose levels in real time. In this article, we propose a triple poles complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) produced on a FR4 substrate in microstrip technology in the cm-wave band (1-6 GHz). The proposed bio-sensor can detect the small variations in the dielectric properties (relative permittivity and dielectric losses) of glucose in the blood mimicking aqueous solutions due their intense interaction with the electromagnetic field at harmonic resonances. The resonator exhibits higher sensitivity performance at the different resonances compared to the single and double-poles counterparts as demonstrated by simulations in a 3D full-wave EM solver.
Feasibility Evaluation of Metamaterial Microwave Sensors for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring
Sensors
The use of microwave technology is currently under investigation for non-invasive estimation of glycemia in patients with diabetes. Due to their construction, metamaterial (MTM)-based sensors have the potential to provide higher sensitivity of the phase shift of the S21 parameter (∠S21) to changes in glucose concentration compared to standard microstrip transmission line (MSTL)-based sensors. In this study, a MSTL sensor and three MTM sensors with 5, 7, and 9 MTM unit cells are exposed to liquid phantoms with different dielectric properties mimicking a change in blood glucose concentration from 0 to 14 mmol/L. Numerical models were created for the individual experiments, and the calculated S-parameters show good agreement with experimental results, expressed by the maximum relative error of 8.89% and 0.96% at a frequency of 1.99 GHz for MSTL and MTM sensor with nine unit cells, respectively. MTM sensors with an increasing number of cells show higher sensitivity of 0.62° per mmol/L a...
Scientific Reports
This article presents a novel design of portable planar microwave sensor for fast, accurate, and non-invasive monitoring of the blood glucose level as an effective technique for diabetes control and prevention. The proposed sensor design incorporates four cells of hexagonal-shaped complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), arranged in a honey-cell configuration, and fabricated on a thin sheet of an FR4 dielectric substrate.The CSRR sensing elements are coupled via a planar microstrip-line to a radar board operating in the ISM band 2.4–2.5 GHz. The integrated sensor shows an impressive detection capability and a remarkable sensitivity of blood glucose levels (BGLs). The superior detection capability is attributed to the enhanced design of the CSRR sensing elements that expose the glucose samples to an intense interaction with the electromagnetic fields highly concentrated around the sensing region at the induced resonances. This feature enables the developed sensor to detect extrem...
Design and analysis of a metamaterial based biosensor to determine blood glucose concentration
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2024
In this paper, a biosensor utilizing metamaterials is designed and simulated to detect blood glucose concentration. The proposed sensor comprised of a microstrip patch antenna designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. A circular-shaped complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) cell is integrated onto the patch of the antenna which acts as the sensing region. The sensor is analyzed in order to ascertain the blood glucose concentration ranging from 50-300 mg/dL in a human finger model. The sensing parameter is amplitude of reflection coefficient, which exhibits variation in response to alterations in the dielectric characteristics of the sample being tested. The Cole-Cole relaxation model is employed to predict the dielectric properties of different finger tissues. An analysis of the characteristics of the CSRR was conducted to illustrate its significance in the realm of glucose detection. The glucose level is determined through the utilization of a linear regression model that describes the relationship between the reflection coefficient of the sensor and glucose level. The sensor demonstrates an impressive sensitivity of 1.792 dB per (mgdL-1) and has the ability of determining glucose levels with a good accuracy, as verified by the application of Clarke error grid. This sensor exhibits enhanced performance compared to some other recent glucose sensors.