Ecological Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for a Heterogeneous Platoon of Heavy-Duty Vehicles With Time Delays (original) (raw)
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Developing a platoon-wide Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system
2017 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 2017
technology has become increasingly popular. As an example, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) systems are of high interest, allowing CAVs to communicate and cooperate with each other to form platoons, where one vehicle follows another with a predefined spacing or time gap. Although numerous studies have been conducted on CACC systems, very few have examined the protocols from the perspective of environmental sustainability, not to mention from a platoonwide consideration. In this study, we propose a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication based Eco-CACC system, aiming to minimize the platoon-wide energy consumption and pollutant emissions at different stages of the CACC operation. A full spectrum of environmentally-friendly CACC maneuvers are explored and the associated protocols are developed, including sequence determination, gap closing and opening, platoon cruising with gap regulation, and platoon joining and splitting. Simulation studies of different scenarios are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink. Compared to an existing CACC system, the proposed one can achieve additional 2% energy savings and additional 17% pollutant emissions reductions during the platoon joining scenario.
IEEE Access
The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by organizing a group of vehicles into a platoon at a short inter-vehicular distance. Additionally, the eco-driving technology has the potential to further increase fuel efficiency by optimizing the speed trajectories of vehicles. However, little research has been done into the eco-driving of a vehicle platoon. This paper proposes a cooperative look-ahead control strategy for maximizing the fuel efficiency of vehicle platoon travelling on a road with varying slopes. In this paper, the aerodynamic drag, nonlinear engine fuel consumption model, discrete gear ratios, and three engine operating modes are considered in the control strategy; under system constraints, a cooperative optimal fuel consumption problem of vehicle platoon based on distributed model predictive control is formulated; to obtain the optimal solution of the formulated nonlinear optimization problem, after the minimum fuel consumption table and the corresponding optimal control variable tables are obtained, the nonlinear optimization problem with discrete control variables is transformed into a 0-1 binary mixed linear programming problem. Simulation results show that, compared with benchmarks, the proposed control strategy can significantly improve fuel efficiency under different passenger comfort requirements, allowed speed ranges, and predictive control horizons. INDEX TERMS Road vehicles, cooperative systems, fuel economy, distributed control, integer linear programming.
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) for Truck Platooning: Operational Concept Alternatives
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2015
The concept of truck platooning has been the focus of many research projects over the years at the California PATH Program and around the world through such projects as CHAUFFEUR, SARTRE, KONVOI, Energy ITS, and COMPANION. These previous projects have included the automation of both lateral and longitudinal control in the following trucks because of the very close following distances targeted by those projects. Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) provides an intermediate step toward a longer-term vision of trucks operating in closely-coupled automated platoons on both long-haul and short-haul freight corridors. There are important distinctions between CACC and automated truck platooning. First, with CACC, only truck speed control will be automated, using V2V communication to supplement forward sensors. The drivers will still be responsible for actively steering the vehicle, lane keeping, and monitoring roadway and traffic conditions. Second, while truck platooning systems have relied on a Constant Distance Gap (CDG) control strategy, CACC has relied on a Constant-Time Gap (CTG) control strategy, where the distance between vehicles is proportional to the speed. For these reasons, a series of trucks using CACC is referred to as a string, rather than a platoon. This report mainly focuses on describing the various CACC operational concept alternatives at the level of individual vehicles, local groups of vehicles and their drivers, and which alternatives should be employed in this research project. These operational concepts can be broken into four categories: string formation, steady-state cruising, string split maneuvers, and faults or abnormal operating conditions.
Influences on Energy Savings of Heavy Trucks Using Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
SAE Technical Paper Series, 2018
A n integrated adaptive cruise control (ACC) and cooperative ACC (CACC) was implemented and tested on three heavy-duty tractor-trailer trucks on a closed test track. The first truck was always in ACC mode, and the followers were in CACC mode using wireless vehicle-vehicle communication to augment their radar sensor data to enable safe and accurate vehicle following at short gaps. The fuel consumption for each truck in the CACC string was measured using the SAE J1321 procedure while travelling at 65 mph and loaded to a gross weight of 65,000 lb, demonstrating the effects of: inter-vehicle gaps (ranging from 3.0 s or 87 m to 0.14 s or 4 m, covering a much wider range than previously reported tests), cut-in and cutout maneuvers by other vehicles, speed variations, the use of mismatched vehicles (standard trailers mixed with aerodynamic trailers with boat tails and side skirts), and the presence of a passenger vehicle ahead of the platoon. The results showed that energy savings generally increased in a non-linear fashion as the gap was reduced. The middle truck saved the most fuel at gaps shorter than 12 m and the trailing truck saved the most at longer gaps, while lead truck saved the least at all gaps. The cut-in and cutout maneuvers had only a marginal effect on fuel consumption even when repeated every two miles. The presence of passenger-vehicle traffic had a measurable impact. The fuel-consumption savings on the curves was less than on the straight sections.
Design and experimental evaluation of cooperative adaptive cruise control
2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2011
Road throughput can be increased by driving at small inter-vehicle time gaps. The amplification of velocity disturbances in upstream direction, however, poses limitations to the minimum feasible time gap. String-stable behavior is thus considered an essential requirement for the design of automatic distance control systems, which are needed to allow for safe driving at time gaps well below 1 s. Theoretical analysis reveals that this requirement can be met using wireless intervehicle communication to provide real-time information of the preceding vehicle, in addition to the information obtained by common Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) sensors. In order to validate these theoretical results and to demonstrate the technical feasibility, the resulting control system, known as Cooperative ACC (CACC), is implemented on a test fleet consisting of six passenger vehicles. Experiments clearly show that the practical results match the theoretical analysis, thereby indicating the possibilities for short-distance vehicle following.
Reducing traveling delay by optimizing trac signal schedules at intersection has long been under research. Similarly, many vehicle technologies have been applied to reduce fuel consumption and emission. One major source of fuel consumption and emission is the unnecessary stop-then-start cycles. In this paper, we propose the Adaptive Signal-Vehicle Co- operative control system (ASVC) that produces both the optimal trac signal schedules and the optimal vehicle speed advice to minimize both delay and stop- then-start cycles. Statistics shows ASVC reduces more than 53% delay and 54% stops, compared to the base- line system TRANSYT.
Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2017
Connected and automated vehicle (CAV) has become an increasingly popular topic recently. As an application, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) systems are of high interest, allowing CAVs to communicate with each other and coordinating their maneuvers to form platoons, where one vehicle follows another with a constant velocity and/or time headway. In this study, we propose a novel CACC system, where distributed consensus algorithm and protocol are designed for platoon formation, merging maneuvers, and splitting maneuvers. Predecessor following information flow topology is adopted for the system, where each vehicle only communicates with its following vehicle to reach consensus of the whole platoon, making the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication fast and accurate. Moreover, different from most studies assuming the type and dynamics of all the vehicles in a platoon to be homogenous, we take into account the length, location of GPS antenna on vehicle, and braking performance ...
Cooperative Cruise Controller for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Vehicle Platoon System
International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2019
ď€Autonomous cars have become a reality due to breakthroughs in technology enablers such as embedded computing systems and artificial intelligence. Automated platooning, which can be employed in autonomous cars, allows grouping of vehicles into platoons. Using this technology in highways brings forth a number of benefits such as improving traffic throughput, increasing fuel efficiency, and reducing collisions. Towards that end, this paper proposes a cooperative cruise controller for both homogeneous and heterogeneous vehicle platoon systems. The controller consists of two control layers; namely, platoon supervisory control layer and cruise control layer. The developed controller was validated and evaluated through an intensive set of simulation scenarios. The results show that the controller outperforms other contenders by 40 % in improving the road capacity. In addition, the results indicate that the controller is capable of handling different traffic scenarios (i.e. homogeneous vs. heterogeneous vehicle platoons) as well as being fault-tolerant to disruptions such as loss of communication between vehicles.
2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2018
Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have the potential to address the safety, mobility and sustainability issues of our current transportation systems. Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), for example, is one promising technology to allow CAVs to be driven in a cooperative manner and introduces system-wide benefits. In this paper, we review the progress achieved by researchers worldwide regarding different aspects of CACC systems. Literature of CACC system architectures are reviewed, which explain how this system works from a higher level. Different control methodologies and their related issues are reviewed to introduce CACC systems from a lower level. Applications of CACC technology are demonstrated with detailed literature, which draw an overall landscape of CACC, point out current opportunities and challenges, and anticipate its development in the near future.