Update on Bioactive Molecules of Actinomycetes (original) (raw)
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Marine actinomycetes: An ongoing source of novel bioactive metabolites
Actinomycetes are virtually unlimited sources of novel compounds with many therapeutic applications and hold a prominent position due to their diversity and proven ability to produce novel bioactive compounds. There are more than 22,000 known microbial secondary metabolites, 70% of which are produced by actinomycetes, 20% from fungi, 7% from Bacillus spp. and 1-2% by other bacteria. Among the actinomycetes, streptomycetes group are considered economically important because out of the approximately more than 10,000 known antibiotics, 50-55% are produced by this genus. The ecological role of actinomycetes in the marine ecosystem is largely neglected and various assumptions meant there was little incentive to isolate marine strains for search and discovery of new drugs. The search for and discovery of rare and new actinomycetes is of significant interest to drug discovery due to a growing need for the development of new and potent therapeutic agents. Modern molecular technologies are adding strength to the target-directed search for detection and isolation of bioactive actinomycetes, and continued development of improved cultivation methods and molecular technologies for accessing the marine environment promises to provide access to this significant new source of chemical diversity with novel/rare actinomycetes including new species of previously reported actinomycetes.
Bioactive Metabolites from Indigenous Actinomycetes Isolated from Marine Water
Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2015
Microbial natural products have continued to play an important role in the discovery of novel chemicals for the development of important therapeutic agents. Actinomycetes form a potent reservoir of biologically active secondary metabolites and enzymes. The need for finding novel bioactive compounds for the development of new therapeutic agents is required due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Actinomycetes are considered as one of the best producers of variety of antagonistic compounds that could serve as potential chemotherapeutic agents. The present study was undertaken to find new antagonistic compounds from actinomycetes. Actinomycetes were successfully isolated from marine water samples collected at various locations of Karachi. Initially 39 isolates were collected out of which 23 were found to produce active metabolites against one or more test bacterial cultures. Actinomycetes strains IS26, IS33, and IS39 showed significant potential of havi...
Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes
Indian Journal of Microbiology, 2008
Actinomycetes are one of the most effi cient groups of secondary metabolite producers and are very important from an industrial point of view. Among its various genera, Streptomyces, Saccharopolyspora, Amycolatopsis, Micromonospora and Actinoplanes are the major producers of commercially important biomolecules. Several species have been isolated and screened from the soil in the past decades. Consequently the chance of isolating a novel actinomycete strain from a terrestrial habitat, which would produce new biologically active metabolites, has reduced. The most relevant reason for discovering novel secondary metabolites is to circumvent the problem of resistant pathogens, which are no longer susceptible to the currently used drugs. Existence of actinomycetes has been reported in the hitherto untapped marine ecosystem. Marine actinomycetes are effi cient producers of new secondary metabolites that show a range of biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, insecticidal and enzyme inhibition. Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes possess distinct chemical structures that may form the basis for synthesis of new drugs that could be used to combat resistant pathogens.
Diversified role and applications of marine actinomycetes in the field of biology
Actinomycetes are the most profitable and biotechnologically valued prokaryotes representing the genera consisting of Streptomyces, Arthrobacter, Actinomyces, Cornyebacterium, Micrococcus, Micromonospora and other diverse species of microorganisms. Actinomycetes represent a group of one of the most powerful secondary metabolite producers which possess a wide range of biological activities. Streptomyces, an important genus under actinomycetes, alone serves as the huge producer of a number of biologically active molecules. This genus possesses a huge potential of synthesizing various different and novel active metabolites. Due to the gradual reduction of the chances of isolation of novel compounds within Streptomyces coming from terrestrial environs resulting in the increase of resistant pathogenic microorganisms, marine actinomycetesmay form a platform for novel drug synthesis, which in-turn may form an extraordinary tool for combating a wide range of resistant microbes. The role of marine actinomycetes extends to diverse fields such as antibiotic production, production of antibacterial and antifungal compounds, synthesis of enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, synthesis of anticancer drugs and various other lifesaving molecules. Marine actinomycetes also play an important role in biofouling and nanoparticle synthesis. Thus speakingsuccinctly, marine actinomycetes are biologically very important as they serve their useful purpose in various fields of biology.
Isolation of Marine Actinomycetes and Screening its Antibacterial Potential
International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET, 2020
Antibacterial and pharmaceutical potential of marine isolates are considered as a significant objective in the present research. Marine actinomycetes were isolated and screened for its antibacterial activity. Five isolates showing chalky white and whitish grey colour colonies were isolated and designated as ACT 1 , ACT 2 , ACT 3 , ACT 4 and ACT 5. ACT 2 exhibited the inhibitory zones of 20mm, 19mm, 19mm and 22mm respectively against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 9144). ACT 5 showed maximum inhibitory zones of 22mm, 18mm, 21mm and 24mm against the respective test organisms. Thus, the obtained results in the present research revealed the pharmaceutical applications of marine metabolites. The types of antibiotics and its structures synthesized by the marine isolates shall be studied as future study.
2016
The continuation of new antibiotics exploration becomes an important research program in the world for pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. Marine filamentous bacteria such as actinomycetes have been widely used as an important biological tool to generate a variety of new secondary metabolites, such as antibiotic. The aim of this study was to obtain identified active compound and determine its antimicrobial activity. Isolation, identification, and antimicrobial activity assay of active compound produced by marine actinomycetes isolate A32 had been conducted. Production of active compound using isolate actinomycetes A32 was conducted involving glucose, yeast, peptone medium. The fermentation was carried out at 30 oC for 5 days. The broth of supernatant was extracted using ethyl acetate. Purification of active compound used chromatography column and eluted stepwise with the chloroform and methanol solvents. Antimicrobial activity was monitored using agar disc diffusion, and m...
Screening, isolation and purification of antibacterial agents from marine actinomycetes
International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 2012
As marine environmental conditions are extremely different from terrestrial ones, it is surmised that marine actinomycetes might produce novel bioactive compounds. Hence marine sediments, collected from the coastal areas of Gokharna and Muradeshwara of Karnataka state, were screened Seventeen isolates were obtained on starch-casein agar media by soil dilution technique. However, only six isolates namely ACT-A2, ACT-A3, ACT-A4, ACT-A5, ACT-A7 and ACT-A15 showed significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Morphological, cultural and biochemical characterization indicated that the isolates belong to Streptomyces genus of Actinomycetes. Further studies were carried out with the most active ACT-A2. Optimization of media, temperature and pH by shake flask fermentation indicated starch-casein, 28°C and 7 to be suitable for ACT-A2. The production of antibiotics began after 24 h, reached maximum at 72 h and maintained at the same level up to 120 ...
Actinomycetes: a yet inexhaustive source of bioactive secondary metabolites
2013
The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens has led to a renewed interest to search for novel antimicrobial agents. The history of new drug discovery processes shows that novel skeletons have, in the majority of cases come from natural sources. This involves screening of microorganisms or plant extracts. They have been the source of, or inspiration for the development of chemical entities introduced as pharmaceutical. Among microorganisms, actinomycetes are enthralling resource due to their ability to produce novel bioactive secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. They have proven to be an inexhaustive mine of antimicrobial agents, especially those potent against pathogenic organisms. Microbial secondary metabolites, especially those from actinomycetes have been a phenomenal success for the discovery of novel drugs. They produce a wide range of secondary metabolites and more than 70% of the naturally derived antibiotics are currently in clinical use. They remain a fundamental source of new chemical diversity and an important part of drug discovery. Their ingenuity and immense industrial value is extremely noteworthy. The discovery of Streptomycin from actinomycetes has been imperative to the exploration of this group as a source of novel bioactive compounds. This group of organisms have produce antibiotics in different classes such as aminoglycosides, ansamycins, anthracyclines, glycopeptides, β-lactams, macrolides, nucleosides, peptides, polyenes, polyethers, and tetracyclines. Existence of actinomycetes has been reported in both terrestrial and marine habitats. This chapter highlight the bioactive metabolites produces by actinomycetes and their mode of action.
Marine Actinomycetes, New Sources of Biotechnological Products
Marine Drugs
The Actinomycetales order is one of great genetic and functional diversity, including diversity in the production of secondary metabolites which have uses in medical, environmental rehabilitation, and industrial applications. Secondary metabolites produced by actinomycete species are an abundant source of antibiotics, antitumor agents, anthelmintics, and antifungals. These actinomycete-derived medicines are in circulation as current treatments, but actinomycetes are also being explored as potential sources of new compounds to combat multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Actinomycetes as a potential to solve environmental concerns is another area of recent investigation, particularly their utility in the bioremediation of pesticides, toxic metals, radioactive wastes, and biofouling. Other applications include biofuels, detergents, and food preservatives/additives. Exploring other unique properties of actinomycetes will allow for a deeper understanding of this interesting taxon...
Isolation, Characterization and Screening of Marine Actinomycetes for Bioactive Compounds
Marine ecosystem is a wide source for industrially important microorganism. Among the marine microorganisms, actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that are widely distributed. They have characteristics in common to both bacteria and fungi and yet they possess sufficient distinctive features to classify them into a separate category. The present study reports bioprospecting of marine actinomycetes. Our findings suggest potential of these isolated actinomycetes as industrially and biotechnologically important enzymes.