An Update on Precancerous Lesions of Oral Cavity (original) (raw)
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Oral cancer and precancerous lesions
CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 2002
In the United States, cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx represent approximately three percent of all malignancies in men and two percent of all malignancies in women. The American Cancer Society estimates that 28,900 new cases of oral cancer will be diagnosed in 2002, and nearly 7,400 people will die from this disease. Over 90 percent of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise from the oral mucosal lining. In spite of the ready accessibility of the oral cavity to direct examination, these malignancies still are often not detected until a late stage, and the survival rate for oral cancer has remained essentially unchanged over the past three decades. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical features of oral cancer and premalignant oral lesions, with an emphasis on early detection. 195
Oral cancer: etiology, precancerous lesions and treatment: A literature review
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2020
Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most common malign neoplasia around the world. However, despite current diagnosis tools, a high morbidity and mortality rate is present due to a late diagnosis and a lack of population consciousness about tobacco, alcohol, and other substances consumption. Objective: The current review aims to provide updated information about precancerous lesions, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of oral cancer. Methodology: A bibliographic research on peer review articles were done in five digital repositories considering publications from 2015 up to date. Conclusion: Oral cancer is a frequent pathology with severe consequences for its affected patients. A wide knowledge on pre-malign lesions, risk factors, and early diagnosis is key to prevent the presence and development of this pathology.
Oral Cancer and Precancer: A Narrative Review on the Relevance of Early Diagnosis
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Oral cancer (OC) is an uncommon malignancy in Western countries, being one of the most common cancers in some high-risk areas of the world. It is a largely preventable cancer, since most of the different risk factors identified, such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and betel nut chewing, are behaviors that increase the likelihood of the disease. Given its high mortality, early diagnosis is of utmost importance. Prevention and the anticipation of diagnosis begin with identification of potentially malignant lesions of the oral mucosa and with local conditions promoting chronic inflammation. Therefore, every lesion must be recognized promptly and treated adequately. The clinical recognition and evaluation of oral mucosal lesions can detect up to 99% of oral cancers/premalignancies. As stated by the World Health Organization, any suspicious lesion that does not subside within two weeks from detection and removal of local causes of irritation must be biopsied. Surgical biopsy remain...
Indian Journal of Surgery, 2011
Long-term outcomes associated with oral cancer and its management over the past several decades has caused concern and the value of mass oral cancer screenings has come under scrutiny. Though not all oral carcinomas are preceded by premalignant lesions as clinically visible morphological alterations occur secondary to the cellular or molecular changes, certain high risk lesions have been identified. Their management remains controversially polarized between surgical excision to prevent malignant change and conservative medical or surveillance techniques. Though oral cancer is one of the "major killers" of modern times, there seem to be no widely accepted criteria for decision making in clinical practice, the evidence base is scanty and uncertainty persists throughout investigation, diagnosis, and treatment. In this article, we have briefly discussed the common premalignant lesions, with an emphasis on their evidence based management and prevention.
The pathology of oral cancer and precancer
Current Diagnostic Pathology, 1996
Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and represents about 5.5% of all malignancies. In the Western world it is less common, but the incidence is increasing and the mortality rate has not improved for decades. Although most oral cancers probably arise in clinically normal mucosa some are preceded by a precancerous lesion which indicates an increased risk of cancer development at a particular site. The histopathologist's role is to recognize pathological features which indicate high risk and to provide prognostic information from examination of excised tumours. The most common precancerous lesion is a white patch on the oral mucosa referred to as a leukoplakia. These show variable clinical features ranging from relatively innocuous fiat white plaques to verruciform or red and white speckled lesions.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Oral Precancers and Cancer: A Mini Review
2015
Oral cancer is among the 10 most common cancers worldwide. Oral cancer has a tendency to be detected at late stage which is detrimental to the patients because of its high mortality and morbidity rates. Oral cancer is a disease of increasing age, approximately 95 % of cases occurs in people older than 40 years with an average age at diagnosis of approximately 60 years .Early detection of oral cancer is therefore important to reduce the burden of this devastating disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to devise critical diagnostic tools for early detection of oral dysplasia and malignancy that are practical, noninvasive and can be easily performed in an out-patient set-up. Hence the purpose of this review is to discuss recent diagnostic modalities in precancer & cancer, which will help in early diagnosis & treatment thereby reducing the mortality & morbidity associated with same.
Preneoplasia and carcinogenesis of the oral cavity
Oral cancer, ranking sixth in the cancer incidence worldwide, is one of the most common neoplasms. Preneoplastic or premalignant (precancerous) lesions are lesions that can potentially transform into malignancy in a variety of tissues, including the oral cavity. Such oral lesions may be caused by tobacco use, exposure to the human papillomavirus and chewing of the betel nut. These substances contain carcinogens and/or tumor promoters. The mucosa of the oral cavity is covered with squamous epithelium and is relatively resistant to injury. However, exposure to these substances can cause the mucosa to undergo changes. The changes are usually initiated by a leukoplakic patch. While some leukoplakic patches recover and resolve, others progress to squamous cell carcinoma with or without invasion. Other premalignant lesions include oral submucous fibrosis, which is a potentially malignant condition caused by the abuse of the betel nut. Understanding the histology, premalignant states and molecular mechanisms of oral carcinogenesis may facilitate the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of oral cancer. In addition, early detection is of critical importance to improve the survival rates of patients with oral cancer. In this review, we will summarize these aspects of oral cancer development, beginning from the histology of the oral cavity.
Open Access Journal of Biomedical Science, 2020
Introduction: Premalignant oral lesions represent one of the most important risk factors for the development of oral scuamoous cell carcinoma, the sixth most common malignancy diagnosed worldwide. The characteristic phenotypic and molecular variability of these lesions condition the early identification of the risk of malignant transformation, with a significant impact on prognosis and quality of life. Accurate and complete description of cell interactions involved in the carcinogenic cascade requires the use of the results of cell and molecular biology research. In this regard, this paper aims to evaluate the intricate role of molecular markers in assessing the progression of the most common premalignant oral lesions. Materials and Methods: To achieve these aims, oral mucosal fragments were collected from 53 patients diagnosed with leukoplakia, erosive oral lichen planus and erosive actinic cheilitis. After an anatomopathological diagnosis was made, the tissue fragments were processed by immunohistochemical and ELISA techniques to perform a correlation and comparative study of ezrin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2). Results: IL-6 and Cox-2 levels were higher in premalignant lesions than in normal oral mucosal epithelium. Ezrin immunoreactivity was more intense at cytoplasmic level in premalignant lesions compared to normal mucosa, where expression was only identified at membrane level. Discussion: Intensity of ezrin immunopositivity also correlates with increased IL-6 expression, revealed by the biochemical study, indicating the influence on NF-κB signaling pathway. Cytoplasmic ezrin overexpression is associated with elevated Cox-2 levels in dysplastic lesions. Conclusions: The identification and characterization of the molecular profile of premalignant oral lesions allows their correct and complete staging and the improvement of personalized therapeutic management.
Early Detection and Multidisciplinary Approach to Oral Cancer Patients
Oral Cancer [Working Title]
"Oral cancer" is a term usually describing oral cavity and oropharyngeal malign tumors. The most histologic type of carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma, seen in oral and oropharyngeal region with the incidence of 90%. Prevention or early diagnosis of premalignant and oral cancer requires increased public awareness and educating practitioners to be skillful in identifying oropharyngeal region pathology. To prevent oral cancers, the etiological factors should be known, and measures must be taken according to those factors. Premalignant lesions are leukoplakia, lichen planus in oral and cutaneous form, erythroplakia, stomatitis nicotina, and submucous fibrosis. Premalignant lesions should be treated, if possible, or followed up on carefully. To date, there are many clinical, histopathological, radiological, and optical techniques to diagnose or capture precancerous and oral cancer lesions early. The routine management of oral cancers is firstly surgical resection with or without postoperative adjuncts and other therapies such as the use of postoperative chemoradiation and radiation. Successful treatment of oral cancer patients is a complex issue that requires a multidisciplinary approach, including oral and maxillofacial surgeons, oral and maxillofacial radiologists, ENT specialists, medical and radiological oncologists, prosthodontists, dentists, speech therapists, supportive care experts, and also pathologists or, if possible, oral and maxillofacial pathologists.