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Virtual Power Plant Management considering Energy Storage Systems and Multiple Power Sources
IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 2012
The increasing awareness of climate change and of limited fossil resources is pushing the electric power system toward a paradigm change. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind and sun will provide a higher and higher contribution to the electric power generation. Coordinating and controlling multiple small power plants, Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and controllable loads with a central Energy Management System (EMS) make it possible to form Virtual Power Plants (VPP). In the paper will be shown how a VPP offers a solution to increase the integration of the energy produced by RES into the electric network. Especially the paper focuses on the energy storage dimensioning within a VPP structure. The sensitivity analysis shows how the power generated the RES share as well as the RES technology influence the optimal storage capacity.
Energies
The article presents calculations and power flow of a real virtual power plant (VPP), containing a fragment of low and medium voltage distribution network. The VPP contains a hydropower plant (HPP), a photovoltaic system (PV) and energy storage system (ESS). The purpose of this article is to summarize the requirements for connection of generating units to the grid. Paper discusses the impact of the requirements on the maximum installed capacity of distributed energy resource (DER) systems and on the parameters of the energy storage unit. Firstly, a comprehensive review of VPP definitions, aims, as well as the characteristics of the investigated case study of the VPP project is presented. Then, requirements related to the regulation, protection and integration of DER and ESS with power systems are discussed. Finally, investigations related to influence of DER and ESS on power network condition are presented. One of the outcomes of the paper is the method of identifying the maximum po...
Virtual power plant management considering energy storage systems
8th Power Plant and Power System Control Symposium, 2012
The increasing awareness of climate change and of limited fossil resources is pushing the electric power system toward a paradigm change. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind and sun will provide a higher and higher contribution to the electric power generation. Coordinating and controlling multiple small power plants, Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and controllable loads with a central Energy Management System (EMS) make it possible to form Virtual Power Plants (VPP). In the paper will be shown how a VPP offers a solution to increase the integration of the energy produced by RES into the electric network. Especially the paper focuses on the energy storage dimensioning within a VPP structure. The sensitivity analysis shows how the power generated the RES share as well as the RES technology influence the optimal storage capacity.
Optimal management of renewable energy sources by virtual power plant
Renewable Energy, 2017
In recent years, due to lack of sufficient quantity of fossil fuel, the need of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) has become an important matter. In addition to the shortage of fossil fuel, global warming is another concern for many countries and companies. These issues have caused a large number of RESs to be added into modern distribution systems. Nevertheless, the high penetration of RESs beside the intermittent nature of some resources such as Wind Turbines (WT) and Photovoltaic (PV) cause the variable generation and uncertainty in power system. Under this condition, an idea to solve problems due to the variable outputs of these resources is to aggregate them together. A collection of Distributed Generators (DGs), Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) and controllable loads that are aggregated and then are managed by an Energy Management System (EMS) which is called Virtual Power Plant (VPP). The objective of the VPP in this paper is to minimize the total operating cost, considering energy loss cost in a 24h time interval. To solve the problem, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm is proposed to determine optimal energy management of a VPP with RESs, Battery Energy Storage (BSS) and load control in a case study.
Energies
This paper analyzes the technical and economic possibilities of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy-storage systems (ESSs) into a virtual power plant (VPP) and operating them as a single power plant. The purpose of the study is to assess the economic efficiency of the VPP model, which is influenced by several factors such as energy price and energy production. Ten scenarios for the VPP were prepared on the basis of the installed capacities of a hydropower plant (HPP), rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), and energy-storage system (ESS), as well as weather conditions, in Poland. On the basis of technical conditions, it was assumed that the maximum power capacity of the ESS equaled 1.5 MW. The economic efficiency analysis presented in this paper demonstrated that, in seven years, the VPP will achieve a positive value of the net present value (NPV) for a scenario with 0.5 MW battery storage and rainy summers. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was conducted on price f...
Optimization of Community Based Virtual Power Plant with Embedded Storage and Renewable Generation
Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 2017
The current global challenge of climate change has made renewable energy usage very important. There is an ongoing drive for the deployment of renewable energy resource at the domestic level through feed-in tariff, etc. However, the intermittent nature of renewable energy has made storage a key priority. In this work, a community having a solar farm with energy storage embedded in the house of the energy consumers is considered. Consumers within the community are aggregated in to a local virtual power plant. Genetic algorithm was used to develop an optimized energy transaction for the virtual power plant with respect to differential pricing and renewable generation. The results show that it is feasible to have a virtual power plant setup in a local community that involve the use of renewable generation and embedded storage. The results show that both pricing and renewable generation window should be considered as a factor when setting up a virtual power plant that involve the use of storage and renewable generation at the community level. Also, when maximization of battery state of charge is considered as part of an optimization problem in a day ahead market, certain trade-off would have to be made on the profit of the virtual power plant, the incentive of the prosumer, as well as the provision of peak service to the grid.
Sustainability
One of the significant environmental issues is global warming, and governments have changed their procedures to reduce carbon emissions. Sustainability is commonly described as having three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. There are numerous environmental impacts associated with energy systems and the significance of energy for living standards and economic development. Therefore, the movement towards intelligent energy systems and virtual power plants (VPPs) is being pursued more rapidly due to economic and environmental issues. The VPP is one of the technologies used to increase the entire system’s efficiency. Moreover, because of environmental pollution, increased greenhouse gas production, and global warming, countries’ policies have changed towards reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in distribution networks. However, RESs, such as wind turbines (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels, exhibit uncertain be...
Energies
Even though generating electricity from Renewable Energy (RE) and electrification of transportation with Electric Vehicles (EVs) can reduce climate change impacts, uncertainties of the RE and charged demand of EVs are significant challenges for energy management in power systems. To deal with this problem, this paper proposes an optimal energy management method using the Virtual Power Plant (VPP) concept for the power system considering solar PhotoVoltaics (PVs) and Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS). The Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is applied to manage energy in the power system to minimize the operation cost of generators and degradation costs in Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and generators. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is examined and tested on the IEEE 24 bus Reliability Test System (RTS 24) using the MATPOWER tool on the MATLAB program for calculating Optimal Power Flow (OPF). In this study, two situations before and after applying the proposed met...
Optimizing the performance of renewable sources using virtual renewable power plants
The concept of "Virtual Renewable Power Plants -VRPP" enables several positive factors for the electric integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and enables the optimization of its technical and economic performance by using the natural complementary of renewable resources availability. Moreover, the establishment of synergies between different RES contributes for the smoothing of time based fluctuation of the power delivered by the RES. The present work aims to identify the synergies between wind and photovoltaic (PV) plants, regarding their daily profiles complementarity and resource availability; as well as the technical and economic added value of a VRPP. Results show an increase of 5.3% in the capacity factor and 25% in the revenue when 2 MWp of PV are added to an 8 MW wind farm, and a potential benefit of 48% when adding a storage system of 2 MW (8 MWh), considering all infrastructural capacity limits. Moreover, the combined VRPP daily production profiles have a significantly higher correlation with the average daily load profile (0.82) than WTG (0.41) or PV (0.54) alone.
Operation of a Technical Virtual Power Plant Considering Diverse Distributed Energy Resources
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2022
Virtual Power Plants (VPP) have emerged as a way to coordinate and control the growing number of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) within power systems. Typically, VPP models have focused on financial or commercial outcomes and have not considered the technical constraints of the distribution system. The objective of this paper is the development of a technical VPP (TVPP) operational model to optimize the scheduling of a diverse set of DERs operating in a day-ahead energy market, considering grid management constraints. The effects on network congestion, voltage profiles and power losses are presented and analyzed. In addition, the thermal comfort of the consumers is considered and the trade-offs between comfort, costs and technical constraints are presented. The model quantifies and allocates the benefits of the DER operation to the owners in a fair and efficient manner using the Vickrey Clarke Grove mechanism. This paper develops a stochastic mixedinteger linear programming (MILP) model and various case studies are thoroughly examined on the IEEE 119 bus test system. Results indicate that electric vehicles provide the largest marginal contribution to the TVPP, closely followed by solar PV units. Also, the results show that the operations of the TVPP improve financial metrics and increase consumer engagement while improving numerous technical operational metrics. The proposed TVPP model is shown to improve the ability of the system to incorporate DERs, including those from commercial buildings.