German and Turkish Intensifier Particles in a Contrastive Analysis (original) (raw)
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Intensifiers in English and German. A Comparison.
Routledge, 2000
This book deals with expressions like English myself, yourself, himself and so on, and German selbst from a perspective of language comparison. It is the first book-length study of intensifiers ever written. The study investigates the syntax and semantics of these expressions and provides a thorough account of a much neglected grammatical domain. Given that the approach is both descriptive and analytic, the book will be of interest to linguists, grammar writers and teachers of English and German alike.
Lexical-Syntactic Fields of Intensification in English and Belarusian
Intensification is a linguistic category denoting the degree of property or quality. Traditionally, lexical means of intensification are investigated. Nevertheless, there are syntactic units in English and Belarusian stereotyped as means of intensification. So/such … (that) and tak/taki … što have not received proper examination and often contradictory interpretation, especially in English. Accordingly, there is a need for their intra- and cross-linguistic study. The continuous sampling, quantitative and distributive analysis of literary prose allowed to create inventories of composite sentences expressing intensity, unite them into lexical-syntactic (LS) fields of intensification (LSFI) and state what sentence elements are intensified in each language. In English, the LSFI is more homogeneous (the nuclear element has a larger percentage in the field) and less varied (has less constituents); intensification is selective (46% of cases is intensification of predicative) and explicit (the intensified property is verbalized). In Belarusian, the field is less homogeneous and more varied; intensification is evenly distributed among sentence elements and implicit (property is not verbalized but deictically designated by the intensifier). This work widens our idea of syntactic means of intensification, specifies the classification of clauses in English and provides material for teaching English and theory and practice of translation.
Remarks on Intensifiers and Intensification in English and Romanian
2014
The aim of the present paper is to briefly illustrate and assess the main uses of intensifiers and intensification in English and Romanian, trying to hint at the complexity of the phenomenon in the two languages, while sketchily suggesting ways to improve the teaching and learning activities in Romanian schools, as well as much of the activity of translators in this country. The authors's illustrative treatment tackles the broader sphere of intensification, not only such intensifiers as very, terribly, awfully, really, definitely, kind of. The main subsections of the paper deal, respectively, with semantic aspects, word formation, syntactic aspects, stylistic issues, and a few remarks on usage.
The Analysis of Contrastive Discourse Connectives in Turkish
2010
, 98 pages This thesis is a descriptive study of four contrastive discourse connectives in Turkish. The main aim of this study is to analyze the connectives with respect to their meaning and predicate-argument structure and lay out the similarities and differences among contrastive discourse connectives with the help of quantitative analysis. Although the study is limited with contrastive connectives, it will have implications on how to resolve discourse structure in general and illustrate how lexico-syntactic elements contribute to discourse semantics.
Upwards Intensifiers in the English, German and Croatian Language
Journal for Foreign Languages, 2014
This paper investigates the upwards intensifiers (adverbs of intensifying) in the English, German and Croatian language. Intensity as an important human cognitive category, and language expressivity is differently treated in grammars and dictionaries of all three languages, especially with respect to different degrees of intensity. In this paper we argue that it is possible to model a typology of upwards adverb intensifiers in the three languages, according to their morphosyntactic and semantic aspects. When it comes to intensifiers, it is necessary to describe which collocates are modified by intensifiers and which semantic fields the collocates belong to. The results of the corpus analysis based on Harry Potter novels show that all the three languages express the category of the upwards intensity in the same way: the number of intensifiers is similar, the collocates mostly belong to the same semantic fields and word classes, they have similar syntactic functions.
Specific Adjuncts According to Their Grammatical Function in English and Albanian Language
ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies
As far as the great variety of adjuncts is concerned, the factual situation in a language is not an easy task to explain. There are many syntactic units similar to typical adjuncts which again differ from typical ones by acting somewhat different in the sentence, having got somehow more complicated role, i.e., while the typical adjuncts function as a modifier of the verb, the specific ones can be related to the whole sentence. This study is focused toward these untypical adjuncts according to their grammatical and semantic function, by analyzing the differences and similarities that appear between English and Albanian language. The study is directed toward these untypical adjuncts and the way how it is explained in both languages. A discussion will be made by explaining the differences and commonalities that appear as far as the semantic properties are concerned. The main method used in this research paper is the comparative method because the reserch itself is in comparison between...
SYNTACTIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF TURKISH AND ENGLISH
Ib br ra ah hi im m A Ab bu us sh hi ih ha ab b: Assist. Prof., English Department, Alzaytoonah Private University of Jordan. Abstract This study explores the differences and similarities between Turkish and English in the area of syntax. The discussion leads to the conclusion that the word order of the Turkish sentence can be described as SOV where the verb is positioned at the end whereas the word order of the English sentence can be described as SVO.
A note on mood, modality, tense and aspect affixes in Turkish
Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 2002
The limited goal of this contribution is to analyse the order of the mood, modality, tense and aspect, verbal suffixes of Turkish in the light of my (1999) proposal on the functional structure of the clause. My hope is that the exercise, besides explaining away certain apparent counterexamples to a rigid hierarchy of functional projections, may shed a partly new light on this area of the grammar of Turkish. In Cinque (1999), I examined the relative order of free (particles) and bound (suffixes) grammatical morphemes corresponding to mood, modality, tense, aspect and voice distinctions in the languages of the world. The recurrent picture that one finds in this domain is that they not only are rigidly ordered with respect to each other (as partly anticipated in such works as Bybee 1985, Foley and Van Valin 1984, and Dik 1989), but that each of the mood, modality, tense, aspect, and voice categories is made up, at a finer level, of a number of distinct heads, which also appear to be rigidly ordered. The striking match between the order of these grammatical heads and the order of the corresponding adverbs was further taken there to suggest a rich and articulated functional structure above the lexical VP of the clause, where each adverb class corresponds to a mood, modality, tense, aspect or voice head in a one-to-one fashion (as does the specifier to a head in a classical X-bar structure-Chomsky 1970, Kayne 1994). The order of such X-bar projections is approximately that shown in (1): 2 (1) MoodP speech act > MoodP evaluative > MoodP evidential > ModP epistemic > TP Past > TP Future > MoodP irrealis > TP anterior > ModP alethic > AspP habitual > AspP repetitive(I) > AspP frequentative(I) > ModP volition > AspP celerative(I) > AspP terminative > AspP continuative > AspP perfect > AspP retrospective > AspP proximative > AspP durative >AspP progressive > AspP prospective > AspP inceptive(I) > ModP obligation > ModP ability > AspP frustrative/success > ModP permission > AspP conative > AspP completive(I) > VoiceP > AspP repetitive(II) > AspP frequentative(II) > AspP celerative(II) > AspP inceptive(II) > AspP completive(II) > V Turkish is particularly interesting from this perspective in that it would seem to provide a number of striking counterexamples to the claim that functional heads (and their corresponding morphemes) are rigidly ordered with respect to each other. So, for example, the modal suffix-(y)Abil-appears at first sight to be freely ordered with respect to the negative morpheme-mA. Cf. (2): 3 (2)a oku-ya-ma-m (Kornfilt 1997,375) read-ABIL-NEG-1sg 'I am unable to/ not permitted to read' b oku-ma-yabil-ir-im (Kornfilt 1997,375) read-NEG-ABIL-AOR-1sg 'I might not read; it is possible that I do not read' 1 This work would not have been possible without the precious and patient help of Jaklin Kornfilt, both in terms of native judgments and of linguistic advice. I acknowledge it here with much gratitude. I am also indebted to the audience of the workshop on "Clause Structure in Turkish", held at Bo aziçi University (Istanbul) on April 29-30 1999, and in particular to Ayhan Aksu-Koç, Eser Erguvanl-Taylan, Asl Göksel, and Engin Sezer for questions and suggestions. Eser Erguvanl-Taylan and Jaklin Kornfilt also read a previous version of this article, providing very useful comments.
This study aims to approach to morphological and syntactical analysis of gerunds and participles in Turkish through minimalist solutions proposed by the Minimalist Program. Syntactical analyses of these non-finite verb forms having nominal features have always been a highly controversial subject in that they are verb phrases (VP) headed by verbs derived by derivational morphology in the lexicon, noun phrase (NP), determiner phrase (DP), infinite tense phrases (TP), inflectional phrases (INFLP/IP), or nominalizer phrases (NomP) etc. Moreover, the same affixal structures have different functions under different categories in the same language, which also causes contradictory ideas on their classification. In this scope, functional affixal heads having nominal features allowing verbs to locate in specifier, complement, adjunct or modifier positions in the syntax are analyzed, questioned and categorized in terms of minimalist suggestions. Initially, morphological and syntactical properties of Turkish inflectional and derivational affixes are compared and contrasted in order to make discrimination between nominalizer heads and derivational morphology. Next, based on the morphological properties denoting grammatical features such as tense, EPP and agreement, affixes having nominal features are categorized into nominalizers and infinite T constituents, finally making clear distinction between nominalizers, derivational morphology and infinite tense constituents. Finally, rather than regarding these structures as VPs headed by a lexical verb, or NPs derived in the lexicon, this study categorizes nominalizers into Nom heads and suggests a NomP analysis for the phrasal derivations headed by nominalizer heads. The study contributes to the categorization of inflectional morphology described in traditional descriptive and prescriptive Turkish grammar through UG terms. Considering contradictory ideas on classification of nominalizers in this field, this study suggests important solutions not only for the categorization of affixes having nominal features but also for the syntactical analysis of these structures in Turkish morphology. Bu makale Crosscheck sistemi tarafından taranmış ve bu sistem sonuçlarına göre orijinal bir makale olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Contrastive Analysis of English and Albanian Adjectives
The International Journal of Applied Language Studies and Culture
Language is a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. Learning a foreign language is never easy especially when we try to express our thought, opinions, feelings and ideas from mother language to target language. Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a “world language” or “lingua franca’. While it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language. Since English language is taught as foreign language in our country learning its grammar is still challenging. Proper grammar is essential for learning and comprehending the second language knowing that grammar is a guide how language should be written and spoken. As basic Grammar deals with parts of speech this paper will concentrate on adjective both in English and Albanian their formation, function, degree, order and semantic classification. This seminar paper deals with contrastive analyses of Englis...