Cytonuclear diversity and shared mitochondrial haplotypes among Daphnia galeata populations separated by seven thousand kilometres (original) (raw)
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Genetic markers Genealogies and Biogeographic patterns in the Cladocera
Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 1998
Cladoceran crustaceans are an important component of zooplankton in a wide range of freshwater habitats. Although the ecological characteristics of several cladoceran species have been well studied, biogeographical studies have been hampered by problematic taxonomic affiliations. However, recently developed molecular techniques, provide a powerful tool to subject aquatic taxa to comparative analyses. Here we highlight recent molecular approaches in aquatic ecology by presenting a simple method of DNA preparation and PCR amplification of the mitochondrial DNA (16S rDNA) in species from nine different families within the cladocera. On a broad taxonomic scale, sequence analysis of this mtDNA fragment has been used to produce the first molecular based phylogeny of the cladocera. This analysis clustered the cladoceran families in a fashion similar to that suggested by previous systematic classifications. In a more detailed analysis of the family Daphniidae, nuclear randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and morphological analyses were combined to identify species and interspecific hybrids within the Daphnia galeata species complex across 50 lakes in 13 European countries and one lake in Africa. The study revealed interspecific hybridization and backcrossing between some taxa (D. cucullata and D. galeata) to be widespread, and species and hybrids to frequently occur in sympatry. Genetic, as well as morphological information, suggests the occurrence of D. hyalina outside the Holarctic.
Biology Bulletin, 2021
Data on the species diversity, morphological variability, genetic structure, phylogeny, and phylogeography of the D. longispina s. l. group from water bodies of southern Siberia are summarized. The integrated approach involves traditional morphological studies, an analysis of body shape variability using geometric morphometrics, and study of the genetic variability based on mitochondrial (12S, 16S, ND2) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. This approach allows us to identify several forms/species within the genus Daphnia that are new and endemic to the fauna of Russia, to describe some distinctive features of their morphology, to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the D. longispina s. l. group, and to elucidate the distribution ranges of species, both common and rare. The study of the variability of mitochondrial DNA genes provided the opportunity to propose and substantiate the hypothesis that various forms/species of this cladoceran group could have passed through different evolutionary scenarios across the territory of northern Eurasia.
Hierarchical analysis of population genetic variation in nuclear and mitochondrial genes in Daphnia
Molecular Biology and Evolution
The geographic structure of Daphnia pulex populations from the central United States is analyzed with respect to isozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation. The species complex consists of cyclic and obligate parthenogens. A hierarchical analysis of population structure in the cyclic parthenogens by using a fixation-index approach indicates that this is one of the most extremely subdivided species yet studied. This genetic structure, much of which accrues within 100 km, is certainly due in part to the limited dispersal ability of Daphnia. However, previous work has shown that fluctuating selection can account for the spatial heterogeneity in isozyme frequencies in these populations. This may explain why the population subdivision for the mitochondrial genome increases approximately three times as rapidly with distance as does that for nuclear genes, which is slower than the neutral expectation. The obligate parthenogens are shown to be polyphyletic in origin, evolutionarily young, and,...
Multi-locus genetic evidence for rapid ecologically based speciation in Daphnia
Molecular Ecology, 2000
The process of speciation involves the divergence of two or more subpopulations of a parent species into independent evolutionary trajectories. To study this process in natural populations requires a detailed knowledge of the genetic and ecological characteristics of the parent species and an understanding of how its populations can lose evolutionary cohesion. The cosmopolitan and speciose genus Daphnia provides many of these features by existing in multiple freshwater habitat types, particularly permanent lakes and temporary ponds, each of which presents distinct ecological challenges. We assayed the genetic composition of 20 temporary pond populations of members of the Daphnia pulex species complex in north-western Oregon and compared them to published data on related lake and pond populations. We collected molecular genetic data from 13 allozyme loci, from six microsatellite loci, and from the control region of the mitochondrial DNA. By assaying over 400 individual Daphnia for these data, we were able to compile composite genotypes not only of individual Daphnia but of each pond population as a whole. In these ponds, we discovered two distinct genotypic constellations, one which bears resemblance to the lakedwelling taxon D. pulicaria , and one which bears resemblance to the pond-dwelling taxon, D. pulex . Using published genetic data from these and other species as a frame of reference, we characterized 13 of these ponds as being 'pond-like', three as being 'lake-like', and four as being 'mixed'. Unlike studies performed elsewhere, however, these ponds do not exhibit high probabilities of interspecific hybridization. Over 95% of all individuals have either a lake-like or a pond-like genotype at all three genetic systems, suggesting the two forms do not represent hybridized vs. nonhybridized genotypes. Because both types can be found in the same ponds at the same time in gametic disequilibrium, we also discount the possibility that they are two extremes of a single species that is highly genetically subdivided. With these genetic data, and with supporting life-history and ecological data previously gathered on these pond populations, we conclude that the most likely description of this system is of a taxon caught in the act of speciating, with new pond-adapted populations periodically stemming from lake-adapted sources during river flooding events.
Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology, 2010
Although members of genus Daphnia (Anomopoda, Daphniidae) are the most common water invertebrates and are considered as model organisms for many taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary studies their systematics remains unresolved. Here, morphological differentiation and genetic polymorphism between the geographically distant populations of the sister species Daphnia galeata Sars, 1864 and Daphnia cucullata Sars, 1862 in the Curonian Lagoon, a large shallow freshwater lagoon of the Baltic Sea (Russia, Kaliningrad Oblast) and Novosibirsk Reservoir (Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast) are presented. The divergence between species and their populations was analyzed based on traditional morphological traits and a large set of morphometric traits describing the body shape. The traits describing the shape of head and helmet, and spine were the most variable morphological characters. Phylogenetic relationships between species and populations were constructed based on variation in mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA genes and nuclear ITS2 rDNA sequences. The mitochondrial DNA divergence between D. galeata and D. cucullata species was significant and reflected their monophyletic origin, whereas intraspecific genetic distances are estimated as insignificant.
Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2007
Ecosystems of European mountain lakes may harbour relict populations of boreal aquatic species, including cryptic lineages not easily recognised using traditional taxonomic methods. As a previous genetic study revealed the presence of the cryptic cladoceran species Daphnia lacustris in the area, we explored the species diversity of the Daphnia longispina group (Crustacea: Cladocera: Anomopoda) in lakes of the Tatra Mountains (Central Europe: Slovakia -Poland). Daphnia populations representing various morphotypes from sixteen mountain lakes were analyzed by DNA methods, including restriction fragment length polymorphism of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-RFLP) and sequencing of the mitochondrial 12S rDNA gene. Altogether, three Daphnia species of the D. longispina group were found in the region: D. longispina, D. galeata, and D. lacustris; we detected neither their syntopic occurrence nor interspecifi c hybrids. D. lacustris was found in two neighbouring lakes in the Polish High Tatras (Niżni Toporowy Staw and Wyżni Toporowy Staw); these may represent relict populations, since the closest known extant populations of this species are found in Fennoscandia. Morphologically highly variable populations of D. longispina formed the majority (69 %) of the analysed populations. Relatively high divergence of 12S rDNA haplotypes from various lakes suggests multiple colonisations of the Tatra Mountain region by this species. Similarly, each of the three recorded D. galeata populations is probably of different origin. In addition, we found that the species replacement in one lake, from either D. lacustris or D. longispina to D. galeata, was associated with anthropogenically mediated environmental changes (fi sh stock increase, eutrophication).
Genetic Structure of Daphnia galeata Populations in Eastern China
PloS one, 2015
This study presents the first examination of the genetic structure of Daphnia longispina complex populations in Eastern China. Only one species, D. galeata, was present across the eight investigated lakes; as identified by taxon assignment using allelic variation at 15 microsatellite loci. Three genetically differentiated D. galeata subgroups emerged independent of the type of statistical analysis applied. Thus, Bayesian clustering, discriminant analysis based on results from factorial correspondence analysis, and UPGMA clustering consistently showed that populations from two neighbouring lakes were genetically separated from a mixture of genotypes found in other lakes, which formed another two subgroups. Clonal diversity was high in all D. galeata populations, and most samples showed no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating that clonal selection had little effect on the genetic diversity. Overall, populations did not cluster by geographical origin. Further studies w...
The tendency of many species to abandon migration remains a poorly understood aspect of evolutionary biology that may play an important role in promoting species radiation by both allopatric and sympatric mechanisms. Anadromy inherently offers an opportunity for the colonization of freshwater environments, and the shift from an anadromous to a wholly freshwater life history has occurred in many families of fishes. Freshwater-resident forms have arisen repeatedly among lampreys (within the Petromyzontidae and Mordaciidae), and there has been much debate as to whether anadromous lampreys, and their derived freshwater-resident analogues, constitute distinct species or are divergent ecotypes of polymorphic species. Samples of 543 Europe-an river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (mostly from anadromous populations) and freshwater European brook lamprey Lampetra planeri from across 18 sites, primarily in the British Isles, were investigated for 13 polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci, and 108 samples from six of these sites were sequenced for 829 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We found contrasting patterns of population structure for mtDNA and mi-crosatellite DNA markers, such that low diversity and little structure were seen for all populations for mtDNA (consistent with a recent founder expansion event), while fine-scale structuring was evident for nuclear markers. Strong differentiation for microsatel-lite DNA loci was seen among freshwater-resident L. planeri populations and between L. fluviatilis and L. planeri in most cases, but little structure was evident among anad-romous L. fluviatilis populations. We conclude that postglacial colonization founded multiple freshwater-resident populations with strong habitat fidelity and limited dispersal tendencies that became highly differentiated, a pattern that was likely intensified by anthropogenic barriers.
Estonian Journal of Ecology, 2013
Cladocerans are a considerable food source for such planktivorous fish as salmonids. In Latvia 26 lakes are categorized as priority fish lakes for salmonids and therefore studies on cladocerans as salmonid fish prey are of particular interest. For the study of salmonids' food base, i.e. zooplankton diversity, and the genetical diversity of Daphnia cucullata in four Latvian lakes zooplankton samples were taken in the summers of 2010 and 2011. The most dominant species of Cladocera were Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Daphnia cucullata, Bosmina crassicornis, Bosmina longispina, and Bosmina longirostris. The highest diversity and biomass of cladocerans were observed from June to late July. This can be explained by seasonality. The common cladoceran species such as Daphnia cucullata may be used as a good model organism for ecological genetics research. We found D. cucullata in all the investigated lakes. The genetic structure and plasticity in D. cucullata were studied using nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Carl Roth random primers PCR were used for the amplification of DNA samples. The DNA markers were polymorphic segments with band sizes from 500 to 3000 bp. The number of polymorphic DNA bands of D. cucullata in the four investigated lakes was different.
Journal of Paleolimnology, 2002
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was employed to facilitate genetic analyses of Daphnia ephippial egg banks from sediment sequences from lakes Windermere and Esthwaite in the English Lake District, UK. We present a robust DNA extraction technique for resting eggs and an account of genetic characterisation of dated resting eggs from sediment cores using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. We also provide preliminary results from genetic analysis of egg banks preserved in short sediment cores. PCR was employed to facilitate genetic analyses of Daphnia ephippial egg banks collected from both lakes. The long-term environmental data available from lake records can provide a backdrop against which molecular genetic-environmental interactions over time can be examined, providing a technique for direct assessments of population response to environmental change in paleolimnological studies of biodiversity history.