Infant Overweight Is Associated with Delayed Motor Development (original) (raw)
Related papers
Effects of Fat Mass on Motor Development During the First 2 Years of Life
ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition, 2013
This study characterized total body fat mass (FM) and motor development during the first 2 years of life in healthy infants. Participants (n = 469) from the Beginnings Study cohort, a prospective, longitudinal study of early infant feeding, were assessed at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months of age for a total of 2231 observations. Growth was evaluated using standard anthropometric techniques, and body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Motor development was evaluated using Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Mixed-effects models adjusted for race, sex, gestational age, birth weight, birth length, and maternal education were used for data analyses. Greater weight-for-length Z-scores and overweight status were negatively associated with subsequent psychomotor development index (PDI) scores ( P < .01), and total body FM was negatively associated with concurrent and subsequent PDI scores ( P < .01). The relationship between total body FM and PDI score...
Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2014
This cross-sectional study investigated the correlates of body mass index (BMI) and risk factors for overweight among 91 children with motor delay (MD) aged 9–73 months. Anthropometric measurements and questionnaires regarding multiple risk factors were obtained. Simple correlations between BMI percentile classifications and potential predictors were examined using Spearman’s rank/Pearson’s correlations and χ2 analysis. Multiple predictors of overweight were analyzed using logistic regression. BMI was correlated positively with higher caloric intake (rs = .21, p < .05) and negatively with passive activity (rs = -.21, p < .05). When multiple predictors were considered, more severe dysphagia (odds ratio [OR], 2.81, p = .027, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–7.04) and antiepileptic drug use (OR, 19.12, p = .008, 95% CI, 2.14–170.81) had significant partial effects on overweight status. Agencies supporting early development should consider caregiver education regarding the poten...
Infant diet and subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: The Generation R Study
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012
Breastfeeding has a protective effect on childhood obesity, but the influences on body composition in early childhood are not known. The objective of this study is to assess whether the duration and exclusiveness of breastfeeding, and the timing of introduction of solid foods are associated with the subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood. This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 779 children. Peripheral (biceps, triceps) and central (suprailiacal and subscapular) subcutaneous fat mass was measured as skinfold thickness at the ages of 1.5, 6 and 24 months. Breastfeeding duration was not associated with subcutaneous fat mass at the age of 1.5 months. Shorter breastfeeding was associated with higher peripheral and total subcutaneous fat mass at the age of 6 months (P-value for trend &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05), but not at the age of 24 months. As compared to children who were exclusively breast fed for 4 months, those who were non-exclusively breast fed had a higher central fat mass at the age of 24 months (P-value for trend &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01). Timing of introduction of solid foods was not associated with subcutaneous fat mass. Our results suggest that a shorter duration and non-exclusive breastfeeding affect early body composition during the first 2 years of life. Follow-up studies at older ages are needed to explore the long-term consequences.
Is Body Fat Mass Associated with Worse Gross Motor Skills in Preschoolers?
2020
Objectives: To compare the motor competence of overweight/obese preschoolers with eutrophic peers with a similar level of physical activity, sex, age, socioeconomic status, maternal education, quality of the home environment and quality of the school environment, and to verify the association of body fat mass with gross motor skills in preschoolers.Design: Quantitative, exploratory, cross-sectional study design.Methods: Forty-nine children, aged 3 to 5 years old, from public schools in a Brazilian city were classified into eutrophic and overweight/obese groups.Results: Overweight/obese preschoolers had worse Locomotor subtest standard scores than their eutrophic peers (p = 0.01), but similar skills, Object Control subtest scores and Gross Motor Quotient (p > 0.05). Excess body fat mass explained 13% of the low Locomotor subtest standard scores in preschoolers (R2 = 0.13; p = 0.007).Conclusion: Excess body fat mass is associated with worse locomotor performance when the model is a...
Predictors of Weight and Adiposity During Early Infancy
ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition
The problem of overweight/ obesity among children has led some experts to suggest that the current Institute of Medicine recommendation for pregnancy weight gain may play a role in early childhood overweight. The study examined the predictors of early infancy weight and body composition as a prospective study that followed mothers and their newborns from birth through 12 weeks postpartum. Participants were 40 mother-infant pairs either exclusively breastfeeding or mixed feeding. The main outcomes were weight changes, weight-for-height z score, height-forage z score, weight-forage z score, BMI-forage z score, and percent body fat measured by the PEA POD body composition system and adjusted for infant feeding practice and gestational age. Female infants accumulated higher percent body fat than male infants through the 12 weeks of follow-up. Maternal pregnancy weight gain positively correlated with infant length at the different time points and not infant weight. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (P = .030) and pregnancy weight gain (P = .040) significantly correlated with infant birth weight and not weights at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postpartum. Maternal pregnancy weight gain had an inverse association with infant percent body fat after adjusting for other covariates. In conclusion, maternal pregnancy weight gain predicted infant birth weight but not infant adiposity and subsequent weight through the first 12 weeks after delivery. Higher pregnancy weight gain predicts slower early postnatal growth.
Journal of Community Health, 2009
As the prevalence of childhood obesity increases, researchers continue to attempt to identify factors contributing to obesity. The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between birth weight, rapid weight gain (RWG), and early childhood obesity in a low-income, inner-city minority population. In this retrospective chart review, researchers documented every medical encounter recorded in the chart from birth to 3 years for 203 3 year old minority children from low-income families living in an urban area. Based on Center for Disease Control and Prevention&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s growth charts and tables, z-scores at birth, 4 months, and 1 year were calculated and RWG determined. Researchers determined Body Mass Index percentiles at 3 years of age using the last available weight and height between 24 and 38 months of age. Eight percent of children were underweight, 62% were normal weight, 12% were at overweight and 18% were obese. Children who experienced RWG during the first year of life were 9.24 (CI: 3.73-22.91) as likely to become obese as those who did not experience RWG. Neither low birth weight nor being male increased the odds of becoming obese. Low birth weight predicted underweight at 24-38 months. In this high-risk population, children experiencing RWG during the first year of life have a significantly increased risk of being obese during the preschool years. Future research should identify factors leading to RWG, including specific infant feeding practices.
The impact of maternal adiposity specialization on infant birthweight: upper versus lower body fat
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 2016
Background: The specialization of human fat deposits is an inquiry of special importance in the study of fetal growth. It has been theorized that maternal lower-body fat is designated specifically for lactation and not for the growth of the fetus. Objective: Our goal was to compare the contributions of maternal upper-body versus lower-body adiposity to infant birth weight. We hypothesized that upper-body adiposity would be strongly associated with infant birth weight and that lower-body adiposity would be weakly or negligibly associated with infant birth weight-after adjusting for known determinants. Study design: In this prospective cohort study, 355 women initiated medical pre-natal care during the first trimester of pregnancy at The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center during 1990-1993. Maternal anthropometric measurements were assessed at the first clinic visit: (a) height; (b) weight; (c) circumferences of the upper arm, forearm, and thigh; and, (d) skin-fold measurements of the bicep, subscapular region, and thigh. Results: Infant birth weight was regressed on known major determinants to create the foundational model. Maternal anthropometric variables subsequently were added one at a time into this multiple regression model. The highest contribution by a single anthropometric variable to infant birthweight was, in order: subscapular skin-fold, forearm circumference, and thigh circumference. With one upperbody (subscapular skin-fold) and one lower-body (circumference of the thigh) adiposity measure in the model, the z-score regression coefficient (s.e.) was 85.7 g (30.8) [p = 0.0057] for maternal subscapular skin-fold and 19.0 g (31.6) [p = 0.5477] for circumference of the thigh. When the second-best upperbody contributor to infant birthweight (circumference of the forearm) was entered with one lowerbody measure into the model, the z-score regression coefficient (s.e.) was 77.5 g (38.5) [p = 0.0451] for maternal forearm circumference and 14.1 g (38.5) [p = 0.7146] for circumference of the thigh. When both subscapular skinfold and forearm circumference were added to the model in place of BMI, the explained variance (r 2 = 0.5478) was similar to the model using BMI (r 2 = 0.5487). Conclusion: Upper-body adipositywhether operationalized by subscapular skin-fold or circumference of the forearmwas a markedly larger determinant of infant birth weight than lower-body adiposity. 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Birth weight, rapid weight gain in infancy and markers of overweight and obesity in childhood
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013
To evaluate the relationship between birth weight and rapid weight gain in infancy and markers of overweight/obesity in childhood, using different cutoff values for rapid weight gain. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 98 5-year old preschool Brazilian children. Rapid weight gain was considered as weight gain in standard deviation score (SDS) above þ 0.67, þ 1 and þ 2 in relation to birth weight, at any time during the first 2 years of life. The nutritional status of the children was determined by anthropometry and electrical bioimpedance. Multiple linear regression analysis was used, considering fat mass percentage, body mass index (BMI), waist and neck circumferences as outcomes. RESULTS: Birth weight, rapid weight gain (assessed by different cutoff values) and maternal obesity were positively associated with increased fat mass percentage, BMI, waist and neck circumferences. Different cutoff values of rapid weight gain did not change the positive associations between rapid weight gain and fat mass percentage (4 þ 0.67 SDS, P ¼ 0.007; 4 þ 1 SDS, P ¼ 0.007; 4 þ 2 SDS, P ¼ 0.01), BMI (4 þ 0.67 SDS, P ¼ 0.002; 4 þ 1 SDS, P ¼ 0.007; 4 þ 2 SDS, Po0.001), waist circumference (4 þ 0.67 SDS, P ¼ 0.002; 4 þ 1 SDS, P ¼ 0.002; 4 þ 2 SDS, Po0.001) and neck circumference (4 þ 0.67 SDS, P ¼ 0.01; 4 þ 1 SDS, P ¼ 0.03; 4 þ 2 SDS, Po0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of different cutoff values for the definition of rapid weight gain did not interfere in the associations between birth weight and rapid weight gain with fat mass percentage, BMI, waist and neck circumferences. Children with the highest birth weight, those who undergo rapid weight gain in infancy and whose mothers were obese, seemed to be more at risk for overweight/obesity.
Longitudinal changes in infant body composition: association with childhood obesity
Pediatric obesity, 2014
Rapid weight gain in infancy has been established as a risk factor for the development of later obesity. We aimed to investigate the role of changes in infant body composition (assessed via total body electrical conductivity) on the development of overweight/obesity in mid-childhood. Fifty-three term infants were evaluated at birth, three times during infancy and in mid-childhood. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between rates of total weight gain, fat mass gain and lean mass gain during infancy and later overweight/obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile), adjusted for birth weight and parent education. At follow-up (age 9.0 ± 1.8 years), 30% were overweight/obese. More rapid total weight gain from 0 to 4 months was associated with twofold odds (odds ratio [OR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-3.74, P = 0.04) of overweight/obesity in mid-childhood. From 0 to 8 months, more rapid weight gain was associated with nearly fivefold odds (OR...
Anthropometric and clinical correlates of fat mass in healthy term infants at 6 months of age
BMC Pediatrics, 2019
Background: Body composition in infancy plays a central role in the programming of metabolic diseases. Fat mass (FM) is determined by personal and environmental factors. Anthropometric measurements allow for estimations of FM in many age groups; however, correlations of these measurements with FM in early stages of life are scarcely reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate anthropometric and clinical correlates of FM in healthy term infants at 6 months of age. Methods: Healthy term newborns (n = 102) from a prospective cohort. Weight, length, skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular and the sum-SFS-) and waist circumference (WC) were measured at 6 months. Body mass index (BMI) and WC/length ratio were computed. Type of feeding during the first 6 months of age was recorded. Air displacement plethysmography was used to asses FM (percentage-%-) and FM index (FMI) was calculated. Correlations and general linear models were performed to evaluate associations. Results: Significant correlations were observed between all anthropometric measurements and FM (% and index)(p < 0.001). Exclusive/predominant breastfed infants had higher FM and anthropometric measurements at 6 months. Models that showed the strongest associations with FM (% and index) were SFS + WC + sex + type of feeding. Conclusions: Anthropometry showed good correlations with FM at 6 months of age. Skinfolds sum and waist circumference were the strongest anthropometric variables associated to FM. Exclusive/predominant breastfeeding was strongly associated with FM.