Investigation of the high rates of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia reveals no single driving factor and minimal evidence for zoonotic transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection (original) (raw)
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2015
The result and conclusions section of abstract should be rewritten according to the below comments. Authors’ response: We have addressed the comments below as advised. Background 1. The introduction is too long and does not pose the question straightforward. Authors’ response: We have shortened the introduction to some extent and have spelled out the reason for this study earlier in the introduction. We have added the sentence: “What are the risk factors that can explain this high rate of extrapulmonary TB in Ethiopia?” to the background section. 2. There is no need to state the signs of TBLN. The sentence containing this statement is not well written Authors’ response: Sentence has been modified to “Although pulmonary TB is the most common manifestation, an estimated one million people (~15%) develop extrapulmonary TB, of which TB lymphadenitis in the cervical lymph nodes (TBLN) is the most frequent form.” 3. I don’t understand the relationship between consumption of raw milk (with...
Sage Open Medicine, 2022
Background:Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem causing death among millions of people each year. Even though many of the World Health Organization recommended tuberculosis control strategies were implemented, there is still a major gap in tuberculosis case detection and treatment which resulted in rapid transmission of the cases in high burden countries. This study aimed to provide updated information on the contributing factors for the development of tuberculosis.Methods:A case–control study was carried out in Gedeo Zone from February to July 2021 to assess the risk factors of tuberculosis. Cases were confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients with age ⩾18 years, while controls were participants who were confirmed to be pulmonary tuberculosis negative with the same age. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the associated risk factor.Results:A total of 368 individuals (173 cases and 173 controls) were included in this study. Based on the multivariable logistic regression analysis, we identified six variables as independent risk factors for the development of tuberculosis after controlling possible confounders. Those were patients with income <1500 Ethiopian birr per month (adjusted odds ratio = 2.35; 95% confidence interval: 1.22–3.97), patients with no educational background (illiterate) (adjusted odds ratio = 2.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.17–2.51), patients smoking cigarette (adjusted odds ratio = 2.89; 95% confidence interval: 2.10–3.82), patients chewing khat (adjusted odds ratio = 2.86; 95% confidence interval: 1.28–3.79), patients in close contact with known tuberculosis cases (adjusted odds ratio = 3.63; 95% confidence interval: 2.24–4.46), and patients being positive for HIV (adjusted odds ratio = 3.01; 95% confidence interval: 1.07–3.52) who were found to be significantly associated with tuberculosis development, while Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination had a protective effect against the development of tuberculosis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval: 0.21–0.88).Conclusion:The priority should be given to the identified contributing factors through application of coordinated efforts on screening of patients suspected for pulmonary tuberculosis and all contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients and treatment of known tuberculosis cases, and appropriate control methods to reduce Mycobacterium tuberculosis cases.
Prevalence and Predisposing Factors for TB Disease at Dilla Referral Hospital, Ethiopia
Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology, 2015
Tuberculosis is a major cause of death but infected people with effective immunity may remain healthy for years, suggesting long-term coexistence of host and pathogen. Tuberculosis (TB) patients were not visiting heath facility but transmit disease to healthy individuals in the community for longer time in Ethiopia. This study was focused to determine the prevalence of TB among patients at Dilla Referral Hospital and exploring predisposing factor to TB Disease. The study was conducted at Dilla Referral Hospital which found in Gedeo zone. Primary data around 158 respondents were by randomly and systematically selected for interview at Dilla Referral Hospital. Secondary data were collected from Dilla Referral Hospital from registration documents where the patients were examined for tuberculosis infection. The date ranged from year 2008-2014 and about 5572 patients were examined for tuberculosis infection. According to respondents response, majority of respondents of males 44 (27.85%) were calmed for availability of drugs and equipments for TB, whereas the least number of respondents of females 14 (8.86%) were calmed for availability of drugs and equipments for TB. The most infected individuals with TB at 2012 and 2013 year, at the age of 6-20 years old, 89 (38.70%) and 88 (38.77%) respectively. The males infected with TB disease 59.
Determinants of active pulmonary tuberculosis in Ambo Hospital, West Ethiopia
African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 2015
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis seen in cases in Ambo Hospital, Ethiopia.Design: A facility-based prospective case-control study.Setting: Patients attending Ambo Hospital from 01 December 2011 to 29 March 2012.Participants: The sample included 312 adult patients attending Ambo Hospital. The main outcome measure was presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).Explanatory measures: Age, gender, occupation, educational status, marital status, place of residence, patient history of TB, family history of TB, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, smoking, alcohol intake, khat chewing, body mass index (BMI), employment, diabetes, history of asthma, previous history of worm infestation, history of hospitalisation, number of adults living in the household (HH), person per room, housing condition.Results: A total of 312 study participants, including 104 active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases (cases) and 208...
SVOA Microbiology
Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the name of the microorganism that causes tuberculosis. The bacteria typically affect the lungs, but if not adequately treated, it can affect any part of the body, such as the kidney, spine, and brain. In Ethiopia, tuberculosis is a significant public health issue. However, no epidemiological research in the study area has been recorded. Objective: The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and associated risk factors PTB presumptive patients who visited the Finchawa Health Center from November 2022 to February 2023. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 273 study participants. Structured questionnaire was used to gather sociodemographic and risk factor information. Sputum samples were taken from the study participants and analyzed under a microscope. Data were analyzed by using SPSS Version-25 software. Binary logistic regression analysis adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with respective 95% confidenc...
Risk factors for tuberculosis: A case–control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
PLOS ONE, 2019
Background Tuberculosis remains a major public-health problem in the world, despite several efforts to improve case identification and treatment compliance. It is well known cause of ill-health among millions of people each year and ranks as the second leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. Despite implementation of the World health organization recommended strategy, the reductions in the incidence of TB have been minimal in high burden countries.
2020
Background: The zoonotic transmission of tuberculosis (TB) from cattle to humans has long been recognized while its reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to animals has recently been reported. The socioeconomic situations of the rural communities of Ethiopia are conducive for the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission of TB between cattle and human. The objective of this study was to investigate the zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission TB between humans and cattle central Ethiopia.Methods: To achieve this objective a cross-sectional study was conducted on 1896 cattle slaughtered in two abattoirs and 392 TB suspicious human subjects visiting health institutions for treatment. Post mortem examination, mycobacteriological culture, and spoligotyping were used for the study. In addition, the Spoligotype International Types and VNTR (variable number of DNA tandem repeats) International Types (SITVIT2) database and the online “Run TB-Lineage” were used to identify SIT and lin...
BMJ Open, 2016
A total of 446 individuals consented to participate in the study (150 cases and 296 controls). Cases were HIV-infected adults diagnosed with active TB, and controls were HIV-infected adults without active TB. Main outcome measure: The link between TB and determinants was assessed using logistic regression. Determinants were categorised as sociodemographic, host-related, clinical and environmental. Results: Smoking (adjusted OR (AOR) 5.47; 95% CI 2.26 to 13.22), presence of a TB patient in the family (AOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.25 to 5.66), alcohol consumption (AOR 2.49; 95% CI 1.29 to 4.80) and chewing khat (AOR 2.22; 95% CI 1.11 to 4.41) were independent determinants for increased occurrence of TB. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (AOR 0.25; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.51), isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) (AOR 0.22; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.41) and cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (AOR 0.32; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.55) had a protective effect against TB. Conclusions: HIV-infected adults with substance abuse (tobacco smoking, khat chewing and alcohol) should be prioritised for TB screening. This study reaffirmed that HAART and IPT are some of the best strategies for reducing TB occurrence in HIV-infected adults. These findings provide impetus to intensify tracing of TB household contacts.