Structure and thermal properties of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from coconut husk fiber (original) (raw)
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Polimery, 2021
In this work, chemically treated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC-C) was extracted from coconut husk fiber. In order to extract hemicellulose, the sieved coconut husk fiber was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for dewaxing and acidified using sodium chlorite (NaClO 2) to extract the residual lignin (bleaching process). The obtained lignin-free cellulose was then treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The characterizations used to equate the MCC-C with commercial grade microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) are solubility test, X-ray diffractogram (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD showed that the crystallinity of MCC and MCC-C increased significantly by 80.15% and 71.8% by chemical treatments. TGA found that the active removal of lignin-hemicelluloses and the thermal stability of the material were about 350-500°C and 300-500°C. The morphology of the fiber confirmed that there is an irregular cross-section, non-uniform surface, a large amount of short microfibrils and some impurities on the surface of the coconut husk fiber. The findings showed that microcrystalline cellulose has been successfully extracted from coconut husk fiber and that it can be used further.
Molecules, 2020
Bamboo fibers are utilized for the production of various structures, building materials, etc. and is of great significance all over the world especially in southeast Asia. In this study, the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was performed using bamboo fibers through acid hydrolysis and subsequently different characterizations were carried out using various advanced techniques. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis has indicated the removal of lignin from MCC extracted from bamboo pulp. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed rough surface and minor agglomeration of the MCC. Pure MCC, albeit with small quantities of impurities and residues, was obtained, as revealed by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates the increase in crystallinity from 62.5% to 82.6%. Furthermore, the isolated MCC has slightly higher crystallinity compared to commercial available MCC (74%). The results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) de...
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The aim of this work was to prepare low-cost and suitable microcrystalline cellulose [MCC] powder from corn husk [CH]. Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose was performed by pulping of husks with different acids [Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, and Nitric acid], alkali [Sodium Hydroxide] treatment and bleaching. The morphology of the treated microcrystalline cellulose was investigated using scanning electron microscopy [SEM], which showed a compact structure and sharp surface. Fourier transform infrared [FT-IR] spectroscopy indicated that characteristic peaks of all prepared microcrystalline cellulose [Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid, and Nitric acid] samples and Marketed product [Avicel PH101] were similar. As per X-ray diffraction [XRD] crystallinity index of the produced microcrystalline cellulose ranged from 73% to 79%. The resultant excipient obtained from above mentioned method demonstrated strong thermal stability. Authenticity of the microcrystalline cellulose was proved by comparing physico chemical and micromeritic properties with Avicel PH101.
Isolation and Characterization Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Millet Husk
Cellulose fiber and nanocrystalline cellulose were extracted from millet husk. Cellulose was extracted by via alkali (NaOH) and bleaching treatment. Nanocrystalline cellulose was extracted from cellulose using Sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4) hydrolysis treatment. The material obtained after each stage was carefully characterized and its chemical composition was determined. The chemical composition of cellulose content from millet husk was 49.9 %, hemicellulose and lignin were 24.2 % and 14 %. The percentage yield of nanocrystalline cellulose was 15.5 %. Morphological investigation was performed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed the removal of non-cellulosic constituent and confirms the structure of cellulose. Zeta potentials also indicate the stability of the NCC dispersion in an aqueous solution.
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) Rice hulls Bean hulls Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction a b s t r a c t Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a very important product in pharmaceutics, foods, cosmetics and other industries. In this work, MCC was prepared from rice and bean hulls (RH and BH). Hydrolysis of bleached pulps was carried out using hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to study the effect of the acid used on the properties of the produced MCC. MCC samples prepared from RH and BH were characterized through various techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction and compared with commercial MCC. The mechanical properties of tablets made from MCC of different lignocellulosic materials were tested and compared to a commercial MCC.
Comparison of Conventional and Lignin-Rich Microcrystalline Cellulose
BioResources, 2016
Three microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) samples were manufactured from bleached and unbleached softwood kraft pulp, and their properties were compared to those of the commercial MCC, Avicel PH-101. One of the produced samples retained a large portion of lignin (10.3%), while the two others retained only some. The physical, chemical, thermogravimetric, and molecular properties were analyzed. The presence of lignin caused a substantial effect on the thermogravimetric and chemical properties of the MCC, as well as on its surface characteristics. The lignin-containing sample degraded at lower temperatures, and its UV Raman spectra had a high intensity aromatic band (1600 cm-1) arising from the lignin. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed a high surface lignin coverage (40%) in this specimen only. Particle size and BET surface area measurement results varied in some limits between MCCs, while the cellulose crystallinity index showed almost equal values between 0.82 and 0.84. This work introduces a new wood-based product, the lignincontaining MCC, comparable in properties to the wide-marketed Avicel.
Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Renewable Source
Background: Micro-cellulose is the biopolymer derived from cellulose which is most abundantly available natural polymer, has many advantages such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability. However, its commercial production involves extraction of cellulose from wood pulp as a raw material which causes destruction of forests. Objective: Objective of this study was substitution of wood pulp as a raw material by a renewable source i.e. sisal fibers, preparation of micro-cellulose from sisal fibers, and its characterization and comparison with commercially available wood pulp based micro-cellulose. Method & Results: The micro-cellulose was prepared by the chemical method of extraction using the process sequence of delignification of sisal fibers, its bleaching and acid hydrolysis. Characterization of the extracted micro crystalline cellulose was done and compared with commercial micro crystalline cellulose in terms of Thermo-gravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Particle Size Analysis. The analysis showed that the micro-cellulose extracted from the sisal fiber has higher crystallinity and thermal degradation temperature than commercial micro crystalline cellulose. The extracted micro crystalline cellulose also retained the fibrous characteristics of the sisal fiber. Conclusion: Thus, the work demonstrates that successful preparation and characterization of the micro-cellulose from sisal fibers can be carried out and it opens the possibility of the use of sisal fiber as a raw material to produce micro crystalline cellulose commercially with reduced load on environment; sisal fibers being renewable source have lesser renewable time frame than wood pulp.
Extraction of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Two Different Agriculture Waste via Chemical Treatment
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was successfully extracted from coconut husk fibre (CHF) and pineapple leaf fibres (PLF) using alkali and bleaching treatments. The extracted cellulose from the chemical treatments were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis revealed that the extracted microcellulose from CHF and PLF using chemical treatments have high crystallinity. The thermal stability analysis of the extracted microcrystalline celluloses was investigated revealed that the CHF and PLF lose their lignin and hemicellulose during chemical treatments. Morphological investigation using SEM shows that chemical treatment could remove the layer of extractives from surface of CHF and PLF.
Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)
BioResources, 2009
Cotton linters were hydrolyzed with different concentrations of HCl (2.5-15%) to prepare microcrystalline cellulose. Infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis were used to follow the effect of hydrolysis on the molecular structure of the produced microcrystalline cellulose. The loss in weight and the degree of polymerization of the produced hydrolyzed cotton linters were determined. Scanning electron microscope images and x-ray diffraction were also studied for more information about the crystallinity, fiber length, particle size, and shape of the produced microcrystalline cellulose. Water retention value and water absorption were estimated for the hydrolyzed cotton linters to explain the effect of hydrolysis on the amorphous and crystalline part of the hydrolyzed cotton linters. The obtained results showed that the crystallinity index of the hydrolyzed cotton increased by increasing acid concentration and then began to decrease at 15% HCl. Kinetic energy (calculated from thermogravimetric curves) of the hydrolyzed cellulose was higher than that of the untreated cotton linters, and at high acid concentration this activation energy began to decrease.
Thermal Characteristics of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Oil Palm Biomass
The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 2016
Extracted cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (OPEFB) was subjected to acid hydrolysis in producing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The acid hydrolysis was conducted using 1 % (v/v) sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) at varying temperatures of 120, 130 and 140 °C for an hour. The relationship between the thermal behavior and physical properties was investigated by thermogravimety (TGA/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as x-ray diffractometry (XRD). The hydrolyzed MCC at 120 °C (MCC A) showed the highest thermal stability temperature and percentage of crystallinity at 250 °C and 65.07% respectively. However, hydrolyzed MCC at 130 °C (MCC B) and 140 °C (MCC C) exhibited low thermal stability temperature at 225 °C and 220 °C respectively. The percentage of crystallinity obtained for MCC B and MCC C was 61.18% and 60.64% respectively. This study revealed that the degree of crystallinity for cellulose has positive impact on the thermal degradation temperature of the OPEFB-MCC.