Microbiological and epidemiological review of Hantavirus: A Review (original) (raw)
Related papers
HANTAVIRUS-A CHALLENGE OF PREVENTION
Hantaviruses are rat infections that havebeen distinguished as etiologic specialists of 2 ailments of people: hemorrhagic fever with renal disorder (HFRS) and hantavirus aspiratory disorder (HPS). This article presents a succinct survey of hantavirus science, the clinical highlights of HFRS and HPS, and tests for the discovery of hantavirus diseases in people. Information Synthesis.-Hemorrhagic fever with renal disorder is an ailment found outside the Americas and means a gathering of clinically comparative diseases that fluctuate in seriousness comparative with the causative specialist. Hantavirus aspiratory disorder is related with higher mortality than HFRS, was first perceived as a hantavirus infection in 1993, and happens inside the American mainlands. Ongoing hereditary examinations show that both Old and NewWorld hantavirus species coevolved with explicit rat has. The rundown of unmistakable hantaviruses related with HPS is developing. The thriving human populace is causing disturbance of characteristic natural surroundings as increasingly more land is cleared for business and private purposes. Numerous rodents promptly adjust to life in human settlements, where they for the most part profit by decreased predation and where they here and there multiply to high numbers.
A Comprehensive Review on the Hantavirus Epidemiology and Potential Therapeutic Prospects
International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Phytopharmacological Research
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that have severe harmful effects on humans. They belong to a completely different genus in the Bunyaviridae family as they are rodent-borne viruses. They have a persistent life cycle in their primary hosts without causing any infection, however, they can infect humans in case of any contact with rodents or inhalation of aerosolized contaminated rodent droppings or saliva. Hantavirus has a wide geographic dispersal and is found in all the continents except Antarctica. Since their first encounter in the 1950s during the Korean conflict, it has been a threat to humans. Hantavirus syndrome can result in either Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), which is more prevalent in America, and Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) prevalent in Eurasia. These viruses have caused approximately 2,00,000 infections worldwide in recent years. In this review, we provide a summary of the progress made in understanding the hantavirus epidemiology, different vaccines, drugs, pathogenesis, clinical features, model systems used for hantavirus studies, treatments, and preventions associated with the virus.
Hantaviruses: A Global Life Threatening Disease
International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences, 2021
Hantaviruses is an overall rat-borne infection, which has a place with family Bunyaviridae. It essentially causes two clinical symptoms Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. This virus is transmitted from rat to human through inhalation of rodent urine, feces, bite, or dead body. When rats drop their urine, saliva or feces the virus contaminate the air and is inhaled by the person. The person breathes the contaminated air while breeding, aerosols inhalation or excreta so it is also called as airborne transmission. This virus does not show any appearance on natural hosts but a human related pathogen. It has more than twenty spices of rodent-borne virus, which are negative sense single strand RNA genome. The four spices of natural hosts are deer mouse, white footed mouse; cotton rat and rice rat is main carrier of Hantavirus, which are found in rural areas. It is a zoonotic disease by persistent infection. It was first isolated in America as old and new Hantavirus. It is feverish disease followed by headache, respiratory problems, myalgia, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypoxia, back pain, and pulmonary disease. Large, medium, and small sections are found in RNA genome. The replicated enzyme is found as large fragment, medium has envelope glycoprotein, and small has nucleocaspid N.
Hantavirus Disease: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Disease of Public Health Concern
Emergence and re-emergence of viral zoonoses pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Hantaviruses are enveloped negative (-) single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to Hantaviridae family, which are transmitted to humans through inhalation and are harbored by small rodents. Humans can develop two clinical syndromes as a result of hantavirus infection: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which are caused by Old World and New World hantaviruses, respectively. Infections with the hantavirus are rather common in peoples in parts of Asia, Europe, and South America, although they appear to be less common in North America. Globally, 200,000 peoples are affected with Hantaviruses every year. The clinical manifestations of HFRS range from asymptomatic to mild to moderate to severe. In general, HFRS produced by Hantaan, Amur, and Dobrava viruses is more severe, with fatality rates ranging from 5 to 15%, whereas Seoul, Puumala, and Saaremaa viruses induce mild types of disease with mortality rates of less than 1%, resulting in HCPS. For hantavirus identification, a variety of techniques are utilized, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot assay (IBA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and other molecular approaches. Because no effective medication or vaccination has been licensed by the FDA, the greatest defense is to avoid contact with rodents and clean up rodent habitats safely.
Serological Evidence of Hantavirus Infection in Laboratory Rats and Personnel
International Journal of Epidemiology, 1988
Hantaviruses are established causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers and renal diseases amongst other clinical manifestations in humans, with most diagnosis based on serological assays. The disease, which is rodent-borne, has been reported in numerous countries worldwide but information about the disease is scanty in the Caribbean. The objective of this investigation is to determine the frequency of exposure to hantaviruses in a selected apparently healthy human population associated with abattoirs and livestock farms in Trinidad using a hantavirus immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of a total of 236 individuals tested, 27 (11.4%) were seropositive for hantavirus infection. Amongst abattoir workers the frequency of infection was 9.4% (6 of 64) compared with seropositivity rate of 12.4% (18 of 145) and 11.1% (3 of 27) amongst livestock farm workers and office workers and other individuals with minimal animal contact respectively. The differences were, however, not statistically significant (p > .05; χ 2 test). Age, gender, and race did not significantly affect the infection rate by hantavirus in the workers studied. This is considered the first documented evidence of hantavirus infection in Trinidad and Tobago. It is imperative for local physicians to consider hantavirus as a differential diagnosis in patients with hemorrhagic fever and renal diseases, since there may be a number of undiagnosed cases of hantavirus disease in the human population in the country.
2020
Increased globalization and trade lead to the evolution of several viral pathogens which acclimatize to new hosts and augment their habitat alteration are some factors responsible for their emergence. Hantaviruses are upcoming viruses that are transmitted by small Rodents especially Rats. Once communicated to humans, they can result in two important clinical syndromes, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Humans are inadvertent hosts generally got infected through aerosols produced from infected rodents contamination by urine, feces, and saliva. The infections spread from humans to humans are rare as the evolution of the virus imperatively relies on the rodent host. Hantaviruses are the members of the family Bunyaviridae/hantaviridae and commonly regarded as orthohantavirus (or hantavirus) which is a single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the order Bunyavirales. Research on Hantavirus is carried out globally but a...
Hantavirus infections in humans and commensal rodents in Singapore
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
To determine the extent of hantavirus infection in Singapore, serological studies using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test were conducted on commensal rodents and on human patients in 4 diagnostic groups. Virus isolation using a Vero E6 cell line was performed on hantaviral antigen-positive rodent lung tissue. Of 142 rodents and 3 insectivores studied, 37 (26%) were seropositive for IFA. Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species captured, with the highest species-specific seropositive rate of 32% (36 of 113). A hantavirus strain, R36, was isolated from one R. norvegicus. Seropositive rates for human patients were: 8% respectively for dengue haemorrhagic fever suspects and for non-A non-B hepatitis patients, 3% for leptospirosis suspects and 2% for acute nephritis patients. 2 patients had marked liver dysfunction but mild renal involvement. This hepatitis-like manifestation appears to be a clinical variant of hantavirus infection.
Hantaviruses are the causative agents of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans in the Americas; The primary reservoirs are in the rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae. In South America, cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by numerous viral genotypes have been diagnosed. In Colombia, different serological studies have reported the circulation of hantavirus in humans and rodents. These viruses act in an intimate association with a rodent species that serves as a reservoir and have a distribution around the wild rodent, being limited to a specific geographic region. In South America, the first HPS-associated hantavirus was described in 1993 in Brazil and was called Juquitiva and from 1993 to 2012, more than 1400 cases had been identified in Brazil. This syndrome should be suspected in all patients with respiratory distress syndrome of unclear etiology, in areas endemic for the disease, especially if accompanied by fever, marked leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia and bilateral interstitial infiltrates. Hemorrhagic febrile syndrome has not yet been described in the Americas. There are no clinical or laboratory signs that are pathognomonic of hantavirus infection. The treatment is based on adequate hydration, use of antipyretics and anti-inflammatories and patients with signs of severity should establish a more aggressive management. Triage is indispensable, patients with co-morbidities have a higher mortality risk and therefore should be hospitalized. Future research in Colombia should be directed to multidisciplinary studies that include viral isolation, different clinical forms of case presentation, epidemiological differences, risk factors, and taxonomy of viruses and rodents.