Silicon photomultiplier timing performance study (original) (raw)
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Tests of timing properties of silicon photomultipliers
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2010
Timing measurements of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) at the picosecond level were performed at Fermilab. The core timing resolution of the electronic measurement technique is approximately 2 picoseconds. The single photoelectron time resolution (SPTR) was measured for the signals coming from the SiPM's. A SPTR of about one hundred picoseconds was obtained for SiPM's illuminated by laser pulses. The dependence of the SPTR on applied bias voltage and on the wavelength of the light was measured. A simple model is proposed to explain the difference in the SPTR for blue and red light. A time of flight system based on the SiPM's, with quartz Cherenkov radiators, was tested in a proton beam at Fermilab. The time resolution obtained is 35 picoseconds per SiPM. Finally, requirements for the SiPM's temperature and bias voltage stability to maintain the time resolution are discussed.
A study of timing properties of Silicon Photomultipliers
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2012
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) are solid-state pixelated photodetectors. Lately these sensors have been investigated for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET) applications, where very good coincidence time resolution of the order of hundreds of picoseconds imply spatial resolution of the order of cm in the image reconstruction. The very fast rise time typical of the avalanche discharge improves the time resolution, but can be limited by the readout electronics and the technology used to construct the device. In this work the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the device that directly affect the pulse shape, namely the quenching resistance and capacitance and the diode and parasitic capacitances, were calculated. The mean rise time obtained with different preamplifiers was also measured.
SensL New Fast Timing Silicon Photomultiplier
2012
In this paper we report on a new silicon photomultiplier (SPM) architecture with additional signal output. This additional output has very fast single photo electron response (~2 ns FWTM). This new device can be easily integrated into legacy systems by providing the ability to operate as a normal SPM with Anode readout or in new designs with an additional fast output. As result the rise time of timing signal for LYSO scintillator coupled to this new fast SPM is about 2ns, compared with typical 20-40ns for SPM’s anode signal. This enables coincidence-timing performance improvements for SPM devices, from 300 ps (Coincidence Resolved Time – CRT FWHM) to better than 250ps (CRT FWHM) coincidence timing resolution for SM series devices. Furthermore, use of the fast terminal allows for a wide range of leading thresholds without large degradation of CRT as compared with standard terminal. In this paper we will demonstrate that providing ability to detect first photon events provides signifi...
Large area silicon photomultipliers: Performance and applications
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2006
The Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) with large area up to 10 Â 10 mm 2 are considered and their optimal parameters, such as efficiency, gain, dark rate, afterpulsing probability and optical crosstalk are discussed. The 3 Â 3 mm 2 SiPM is described and its performance is demonstrated. Three examples of 3 Â 3 mm 2 SiPM application are given: (1) transition radiation X-ray detection; (2) time of flight measurements with fast scintillators; (3) detection of PET gammas using LYSO crystals. Corresponding experimental results are presented and discussed. r
A Comprehensive Model of the Response of Silicon Photomultipliers
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2000
The response of a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to optical signals is inherently nonproportional due to saturation, afterpulsing, and crosstalk. Existing models of the SiPM response do not account for all of these effects, and therefore, these models are not sufficiently accurate for many applications. In this work, a comprehensive model of the SiPM response is developed that is generally applicable to exponentially decaying light pulses and that can be simplified in the case of very short (e.g., laser) light pulses. The model accounts for the total number and the temporal distribution of the incident photons as well as for the relevant SiPM parameters, viz. the recovery time, afterpulsing, crosstalk, and their cross correlations. The model is shown to correspond well with measurements on a SiPM-based scintillation detector. Furthermore, it is shown to be in agreement with several cases for which the SiPM response is known a priori. Having thus validated the model, its use is demonstrated by predicting the response of the Hamamatsu multipixel photon counter (MPPC) S10362-33-050C SiPM to several different scintillators.
Status report on silicon photomultiplier development and its applications
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2006
The state of art of the Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM's)-their features, possibilities and applications-is given. The significant progress of this novel technique of photo detection is described and discussed. r
In this paper we report on a new silicon photomultiplier (SPM) architecture with additional signal output. This additional output has very fast single photo electron response (~2 ns FWTM). This new device can be easily integrated into legacy systems by providing the ability to operate as a normal SPM with Anode readout or in new designs with an additional fast output. As result the rise time of timing signal for LYSO scintillator coupled to this new fast SPM is about 2ns, compared with typical 20-40ns for SPM's anode signal. This enables coincidence-timing performance improvements for SPM devices, from 300 ps (Coincidence Resolved Time-CRT-FWHM) to better than 250ps (CRT FWHM) coincidence timing resolution for SM series devices. Furthermore, use of the fast terminal allows for a wide range of leading thresholds without large degradation of CRT as compared with standard terminal. In this paper we will demonstrate that providing ability to detect first photon events provides significantly better CRT, comparable to large PDE improvement.
Characterization of Silicon Photomultipliers for Detector Developments
2020
Photon detection is a revolutionary technique to learn the properties of a matter on the atomic scale. It has become an imperative tool for an immense range of fields including high energy physics, astrophysics, automotive industry, nuclear medicine, materials research, civil engineering, etc. The Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT), the pioneering technology in photon detection was introduced over 80 years ago. However, Silicon-based Photomultipliers (SiPM)have been rapidly replacing the PMTs as an industry standard due to its lower power consumption and smaller size. It is a solid-state photodetector, which guarantees an efficient detection of a single photon. The SiPM technology has evolved gradually in last three decades. Nevertheless, the technology is not yet fully understood and every study contributes to a better comprehension of the subject matter. This thesis is focused on investigating the processes of charge release and the photon detection efficiency (PDE) recovery of the SiPM,...