In-Vitro Antilithiatic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Codiaeum Variegatum ( L . ) Blume (original) (raw)
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Phytochemical profile of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Bl.
The present study investigates the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major bioactive constituents of different parts like root, stem and leaf of medicinally important plant Codiaeum variegatum using seven different solvents. Qualitative study of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, fatty acids, tannins, protein and amino acids, gum and mucilage, terpenoids, anthroquinones and phenols showed different types of results in different solvents. Quantitative estimation revealed that phytochemicals are in between the following range alkaloids in between the range of (4.66 -10.2%), flavonoids (33.1-37.63%), saponins (11.36-13.76%), phenolics (35.43-39.76%), tannins (10.5-18.5%), terpenoids (27.56- 30.3%).
Antidiarrhoeal Activity and Total Tannin Content of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Codiaeum variegatum
The present study was designed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity and determine the total tannin content of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Codiaeum variegatum (Family-Euphorbiaceae). The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice and the total tannin content was determined by using the Folin-Coicalteu phenol reagent. The ethanolic extract of leaves of C. variegatum showed a positive effect on castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. In the antidiarrhoeal assay the extract inhibited the mean number of defecation by 40.81% and 59.18% (p<0.01 & p<0.001) at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The latent period for the extract treated group was (p<0.01 & p<0.001) increased as compared to control group. The total tannin content was quite significant and high in ethanolic extract (241.41 mg/g of tannic acid equivalent). Phytochemical screenings of the leaf extract indicated the presence of carbohydrate (reducing sugars), gums, steroids, alkaloids and tannins. Therefore, the results of the present study provide the scientific basis for the traditional uses of this plant as remedy for diarrhea.
The leaf decoction of Codiaeum variegatum is used by Cameroonian local population in the treatment of intestinal infections. The present study was carried out to investigate the antiparasitic activity of the aqueous extract of C. variegatum and its fractions against axenic culture of G. lamblia and T. vaginalis. Trophozoites of G. lamblia, and T. vaginalis were incubated separately with different concentrations of leaf aqueous extract of C. variegatum fractions and sub-fractions for 24 and 48 hours. Metronidazole was used as the positive control. The viability of trophozoites determined by using the quantitative colorimetric [3-(4,5-dimethilthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) technique. All the extract fractions and sub-fractions were active against G. lamblia and T. vaginalis. The sub-fraction SF9B showed the highest antiparasitic activity against G. lamblia and T. vaginalis after 48 hours, but remain lower compared to metronidazole. Sub-fraction SF9, and SF9B2 showed moderate antiparasitic activities. Methanol, ethyl acetate fractions and aqueous extract exhibited low antiparasitic activities. However, no significant difference was observed between the anti-trichomonal activity of the methanol fraction compared to that of the SF9B2 (89.35 ± 5.02µg/mL) sub-fraction of C. variegatum after 48h of incubation. The aqueous extract, methanol, fraction, ethyl acetate, and sub-fractions SF9, SF9B and SF9B2 isolated from Codiaeum variegatum exhibited giardicidal and antitrichomonal activities therefore supporting the medicinal usage of this plant against intestinal infections.
Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology
Background and objectives: Codiaeum variegatum (C. variegatum), which is commonly known as garden croton, is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of amoebiasis in Cameroon and some Asian countries. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the stem crude extracts of C. variegatum. Methods: Aqueous, hydroethanolic 70/30 (v/v) and ethanolic extracts were tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibitory assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined based on the inhibition of nitric oxide production on isolated mouse macrophages activated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of these extracts on 5-lipoxygenase activity and bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation was determined, and the activation of two lysosomal enzymes involved in phagocytosis was performed. The phytochemical screening of the plant extracts was performed using standard methods. Results: The results revealed that the ethanolic extract (EE) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, in terms of DPPH-free radical scavenging activity, FRAP, and its potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation (IC 50 = 77.04 µg extract/mol of DPPH; EC 50 = 543.6 µg/mL and IC 50 = 21.52 µg/mL, respectively). However, this activity remained significantly lower than that of ascorbic acid (p < 0,05). Furthermore, the hydroethanolic extract (HE) had the highest anti-inflammatory activity on isolated mouse macrophages, in terms of inhibitory activity on NO production, BSA denaturation, and 5-lipoxygenase activity (IC 50 = 8.80 µg/mL, IC 50 = 205.9 µg/mL, IC 50 = 0.08 µg/mL, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the inhibitory activity of baicalin. Moreover, the activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased in the presence of the HE (EC 50 = 10.03 µg/mL and EC 50 = 0.274 µg/mL, respectively). The phytochemical analysis of these extracts indicates the presence of phenolic compounds, and these may be responsible for the observed activities. Conclusions: Overall, these results demonstrate that the hydroethanolic and ethanolic stem extracts of C. variegatum have good
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL ANATOMY, 2016
Background: Medicinal plants such as Codiaeum variegatum are recognized therapeutic agents and sources of the drug. The effect of ethanolic extract of C. variegatum was investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: Sixteen adult Wistar rats of both sexes weighing between 120 and 180 g were used for the study. They were randomly assigned to four groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 of 4 rats (N = 4) per group. The control (group 1) received 0.1 ml of normal saline, while 2, 3, and 4 experimental groups received 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of the leaf extract respectively for 2 weeks. They were sacrificed on the 15 th day of the experiment; cerebrum was harvested, processed, and stained using the hematoxylin and eosin histological technique. Results: Sections of the cerebrum of the experimental groups showed sparse cellular population, microglia infiltration, focal, and liquefactive necrosis when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Ethanolic leaf extract of C. variegatum elicits an adverse effect on the cerebrum of adult Wistar rats.
Codiaeum variegatum has been widely investigated for its biological proprieties ranging from the antiamoebic potential to the phytochemical analysis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of C. variegatum leaf extracts and fractions. A primary macrophage culture activated by Saccharomyces cereviseae (SC) was used to evaluate cell cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts and fractions. Macrophages were treated with different concentrations (0.1; 1; 10 and 100 μg/mL) of the extracts/fractions for the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase activity, nitric oxide (NO) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) production. No significant difference was observed on cell viability in the presence of extracts and fractions at tested concentration during the incubation period. Extracts and fractions of C. variegatum inhibited the 5-lipoxygenase activity, NO and TNF-α production by viable primary mouse macrophages in a concentrationdependent manner. The fractionation process increased anti-inflammatory activity. Among fractions, HEF2, HEF3, HEF5, EEF1, EEF3 and EEF5 exhibited the best anti-inflammatory potential. C. variegatum extracts and fractions exhibited a greater anti-inflammatory potential throughout the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, 5-Lox and TNF-α.
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2016
The high cost of treatment of cancer coupled with the emergence of drug resistance makes it imperative for new drug interventions to curb its occurrence. Hence, the objective of this research was to determine the phytochemical, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antiproliferative effect of Codiaeum variegatum crude extracts and fractions. The MTT cell viability and DPPH assays among others were used to determine the selected properties of the plants. The presence of general glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and sterols was observed in its stem bark and leaf. Triterpenoids were present in the leaf only while saponins were observed in the stem bark only. Strong antioxidant activities were observed in both stem bark and leaf with EC50 values of 0.053±0.004 mg/mL and 1.396±0.073 mg/mL respectively. Both crude extracts showed antiproliferative activity towards all cancer cell lines with the stem bark exhibiting the strongest cytotoxicity. However, both showed strong cytotoxicity towards normal cells as well. The mechanism of cell death was determined to be apoptosis. Further testing of fractions from the stem bark crude extract revealed an increase in cytotoxicity of its chloroform fraction against Jurkat cells with an IC50 of 44.71±0.44 µg/mL. These results establish the antiproliferative nature of this plant.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Chemical Constituents and Cytotoxic Activity of Codiaeum variegatum CV. petra
2013
Three known alkaloidal compounds; glaucine, oxoglaucine and hemiargyrine; have been isolated from the methanolic extract of Codiaeum variegatum cv. petra leaves and two diterpenoids, identified as ent-trachyloban-3-one and ent-18-OH-trachyloban-3-one, were isolated in addition to α-amyrin and β-sitosterol. The structures of all isolated compounds were established by spectral data. The cytotoxicity of the methanolic extract and the isolated alkalodial compounds were studied against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), human caucasian breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), colon cell line (HCT116) and lung carcinoma cell line (A549) and proved to be active.