Names in Multi-Lingual, Multi-Cultural and Multi-Ethnic Contact (original) (raw)

Preliminary Study of the Most Frequent Russian, French and German Occupational Surnames

After the establishment of a promising study based on the 100 most frequent Russian, French German and British surnames (SHOKHENMAYER 2016), we turn now to examine the occupational surnames. For our part, we set as a goal to clarify to what extent the pro- fessional occupations, or a professionally name-driven motives, are to be similar in Germany, France and Russia. Therefore, the contrastive analysis of the most frequent Russian, French German occupational surnames is reasoned by the singular situation of their onomasticons: for although they have much in common with the rest of neighbouring communities in the essential linguistic system due to their genetic relationship and cultural affinity, their surnames subsist in and have originated within very different historical and social circumstances. The intention here is, first, to compare percentages of occupation-based sur- name groups from each country, second, to note similarities and differences between them and, third, to discuss results.

Surnames of Inhabitans of Lidzbark District (1500-1772)

The aim of the paper was to collect and to present the fullest possible an-throponymical material from the Lidzbark district in the period of 1500-1772, and to reveal the process of surname development in this area, focusing on accompany-ing linguistic circumstances. In total, a few thousand surnames were excerpted from over 150 manuscripts and 17 printed sources. The surnames were semanti-cally and structurally analysed. On the basis of this analysis, it was found that in the 16th-18th centuries, a stabilised naming system existed in the region . The an-throponyms presented in the study are officially used personal names. Structures without surnames were already uncommon, though there were some sparse specific descriptions found, such as Nobilis Domina Ursula Matthia a Pakusch ab Adekamp hone∫ta coniunx 1618, Nobilis D. Sigismundus a Nadram Capitaney Heilsbergen 1667 Rogóż, Michael v. Preuck alias von der Laute Marscalkus 1556-1565. Occa-sionally, the role of an identifier was played by the name of the occupation (e.g. Socio Adamo 1587, Molitor Casparus 1587, Georgius scultetus 1587, Leonardus Scriba 1587) or the specification of a place of residence combined with a given name. But the combination of a given name and a surname was a customarily es-tablished means of identification. According to the method of formation and the structure, surnames have been classified as simple (morphologically underived) and derived (by word-formation or inflection processes). The majority of anthroponyms are simple forms, created by transfer of their etymological base into the category of surnames, without any significant changes to their structure, e.g. Sommerfeld from the locality name Sommerfeld, Rachel from the given name Rachel, Rogala from the name of the coat of arms Rogala. Morphological derivation proved less effective in the collected material than transposition. Names regarded as derived were usually formed by adding a formant, which typically had a structural or patronymic function. The most productive suffixes include Polish: -ski, its derivatives (-owski, -ewski, -iński, -yński, -ecki, -acki, -icki), -icz and their compound variants (-ewicz, -owicz), Ger-man: -er, -mann. In the area of the Lidzbark district, surnames were quite rarely created by conversion, alternation of suffixes or reduction of an element of the stem. Surnames were divided according to their etymological basis into three main groups: - from anthroponyms, e.g. Benedict, Kilian, Materna; Grod, Radek, Rosz, Rudel-hoff, Reinholdt; - from toponyms, e.g. Jabłonowski < Jabłonowo, Szymanowski < Szymanowo, Galicki < Gality, Halicki < Halicz, Częstochowian < Częstochowa, Dąbrowian < Dąbrowa; - from names of occupations, e.g. Bosman, Cześnik, Kołodziej, Botnik, Furman, Gertner, Kesler, Möller, Schmidt, Schneider, Weber, Zimmermann. Additionally, there was a group of homonymic names, which was made up of names of originally heterogenic scopes of meaning, which did not fit explicitly into any of the other groups, and such that could be created in various ways, e.g. by suffixal derivation or by transfer. The genesis of about a dozen of surnames could not be satisfactorily explained and they were considered to be vague formations. Applying the criterion of origin, the surnames were divided into Polish, Ger-man, Prussian, Latin and hybrid ones. Genetically German surnames form the pre-vailing group. However, it should be emphasized that they were used by persons inhabiting the then area of Poland who considered themselves, and who were con-sidered, as autochthons. This thesis does not use the term foreign surnames, since German or Prussian formed a significant element of the Warmian ethnic blend of cultures. Domination of German anthroponyms was also influenced by the fact that this was an official language, in which clerks recorded a significant number of names – according to their pronunciation and German spelling rules. The sur-names under analysis were subject to various adaptation processes: Polonization, Germanization and Latinization. While distinguishing and discussing individual groups of names, this aspect of word formation is emphasized. Additionally, notes concerning linguistic substitution also contain dictionary entries. A significant role in giving a name its final shape, besides natural linguistic adaptation, was also played by associations as well as by phonetic assimilations and simplifications. The material included in this dissertation can be used in genealogical and lin-guistic research: onomastic, historical, linguistic and dialectological. The names collected also provide indirect information about the history of settlement and cul-ture of this region. Of course, the thesis does not exhaust the entire issue and fur-ther studies on this interesting subject of Warmian anthroponymy are necessary.

Typology and Linguistic Aspects of surnames of Jews in the Russian Empire

Chapters 2 & 3 of: Beider, Alexander. 2008. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Russian Empire (revised edition). Bergenfield (2008), NJ: Avotaynu., 2008

These chapters cover the following topics: (1) Types of surnames (rabbinical and other migrated from other areas, patronymic, metronymic, toponymic, occupational, nickname-based, Cohen/Levite origin, artificial); (2) Morphology of surnames: suffixes used, acronymic surnames; (3) Languages used and their peculiarities (Yiddish, Hebrew, Slavic, German; (4) Distortions of surnames; (5) normalization (Russification, Slavonization, Yiddishizing, Germanizing)

Names of People: Surnames in Pre-Modern Europe

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS, vol. 2, pp. 791-795, 2013

The paper discusses the Jewish surnames based on Hebrew that were created mainly in Ashkenazic communities of Eastern and Central Europe before mid-19th century. The large group was created in the Russian Empire. A few examples are also provided of Hebrew names used by Sephardic Jews.

Surnames ostache of Foreign Origin in a Language20200107 733 1ulm1ah

In historical Hungary the use of inheritable family names developed in a natural way among the Hungarian, German, Slovakian and Croatian population, while decrees prescribed the use of permanent family names for the still surnameless Gipsy, Jewish and Greek Orthodox (mainly Serbian) minorities later. Many names of foreign origin were changed spontaneously in language contact situations, according to the name stock of the dominant community throughout the centuries, while in the 19 th and 20 th centuries mainly by the means of official surname changes. As names could have become ethnic symbols, this process was influenced also by social, ideological and political factors.

Language contact effects in historical Hungarian and Romanian personal names

In the multilingual Carpathian Basin the language systems influence name-giving, resulting in the emergence of interferential properties in name usage. These characteristics are found where languages come into contact, such as on language borders. The main aim of this paper is to provide an examination of name contact phenomena emerging from Hungarian and Romanian connections. My source is the Atlas of Historical Surnames of Hungary (AHSH 1715 and 1720). One of the great advantages of this reference book is that the organic “unity” of personal names in the Carpathian Basin can be represented on maps in relation to how name systems of different languages affected each other. This study discusses how an important source of data—the earliest tax censuses—can be used to trace certain phenomena that arose due to how names were recorded.

A Surname Typology Project: The Lessons Learnt from the Distribution of the Most Frequent Hungarian Surnames

2018

The goal of this paper is to continue the research on the structure of the Hungarian surname stock today, focusing on its etymological, typological and geographical distribution. The analysis is based on the one hundred most frequent surnames regionally in Hungary (in the 19 counties and in the capital, Budapest), and, additionally, in the Hungarian surname stock in Romania. Within its own limits, it provides an appropriate onomastic methodology, and a representative picture for the given surname stock, to be interpreted also in the broader context of European surname studies today.

The most frequent Hungarian surnames. A study of some aspects of contrastive surname typology

2015

The paper carries out a typological-statistical analysis concentrating on the 100 most common surnames in Hungary, focusing on certain methodological aspects, which have received less than due attention in earlier studies. The research also aims to point out some characteristics of the surname stock in question in comparison with other European surname systems. The majority of European countries significant efforts have been, or are being made to describe the structure, composition and geographical distribution of their surname stock. The findings, unsurprisingly, show noteworthy differences, which are often linked to national borders and the historic-geographic presence of a language and its speaking community. Similar studies have to be carried out in several countries, based on the most representative name corpuses and using a similar methodology - presupposes large-scale international cooperation and coordination efforts.

Surname distributions and linguistic-cultural identities in the Alto Adige-Südtirol Area

International Journal of Anthropology, 2005

Surname distributions and linguistic-cultural identities in the Alto Adige-Siidtirol Area In this survey we have carried out a comparison of the surname structures of the municipal populations living in the Alto Adige-Siidtirol area, an Italian Alpine sub-region with a high number of German-speaking inhabitants. These analyses have been conducted by means of indeces of similarity among populations and the topological representations deriving from these; in addition, the concept of spatial autocorrelation has been applied to a certain number of centres distributed throughout the province. On the whole, it is possible to observe certain distinctions based on the geographical features of the territory, with particular reference to the larger valleys; however, within the context of the latter, certain migrations that could have brought about changes in some of the autochthonous surname structures are likely to have occured.