Long-Term Effects of Logging Damages on Quality of Residual Trees in the Asalem Nav Forest (original) (raw)
Related papers
2017
Caucasian alder is a large tree and one of the commercial species in the Caspian forests. We investigated the wound healing rate (WHR) and compared the diameter growth (DG) of 66 wounded and 66 unwounded alder trees 15 years after selected logging in these forests. The conditions of the wounds after 15 years were as follows: 56.1% had closed, 25.7% were open, and 18.2% had decayed. The mean WHR was 4.95 cm/yr, ranging between 0 and 17.3 cm/yr, and DG of wounded trees was 13.3% lower than in unwounded trees. The WHR and DG were related to the size, intensity and location of the wound, stem diameter (diameter at breast height; DBH), and ratio of wound size to stem basal area. The WHR in middle-aged trees was more than in young and older trees. The reduction in DG of wounded alder trees was only observed in the DBH range below 58 cm. Wounds that were larger than 100 cm in area significantly reduced diameter growth of alder trees. Height of wound from ground level had significant negati...
New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
Background: The frequency of wounded trees and intensity of wounds during logging operations can have serious impacts on stand growth and forest sustainability. The aims of the study were to evaluate and compare stand (tree and regeneration) damage level, wound characteristics, and damage types occurring when using a cable skidder in salvage logging and selection cutting. Methods: This study was conducted on four sites of mixed uneven-aged hardwood stands in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. At two sites, salvage logging was applied (SL1 and SL2), and low-intensity selection cutting (SC1 and SC2) was applied at the other two. A systematic plot sampling design was used on the study area for damage assessment. Results: The percentage of regenerating trees damaged was 2.8, 2.1, 4.3, 1.4 %, in SL1, SL2, SC1, and SC2, respectively. The corresponding percentage of damaged trees was 4.3, 3.7, 4.9, 1.7 %. Most of the damage (48–79%) to the stand occurred during the winching stage at all the si...
Selective Logging and Damage to Unharvested Trees in a Hyrcanian Forest of Iran
BioResources, 2012
Selective logging in mature hardwood stands of Caspian forests often causes physical damage to residual trees through felling and skidding operations, resulting in a decline in bole quality and subsequent loss of tree value. This study evaluated the logging damage to residual trees following logging operations. A total density of 5.1 trees/ha and 17.3 m3/ha of wood were harvested. On average, 9.8 trees were damaged for every tree extracted, including 8 trees destroyed or severely damaged. The most common types of damage included uprooted stems, stem wounds to the cambial layer, and bark scrapes. Damage to trees sustained along skid trails was found to be significantly more than the damage that incurred within logging gaps and winching areas. The results of this study suggest that logging practices also need to be accompanied by close supervision of field personnel and post-logging site inspections to be implemented properly.
Residual Trees Response to Selective Cutting Operations in Caspian Forests
Nova mehanizacija šumarstva, 2020
Damages to residual trees caused by felling operation were assessed in the stands of a Caspian hardwood forest. Following the felling operation, a field survey was done to collect data of all residual trees (species, DBH, height) and of tree wounds (size class, location, intensity of damage). Different harvesting intensities were studied, and treatments were replicated three times. The results showed that the treatment with the medium and high harvest intensity was found to cause the highest percentage of damage and the largest stem wounds. It is concluded that harvesting intensity should be limited to 3 trees/ha during each harvesting operation to reduce the extent of tree damage and thus future financial loss.
Economic Analysis of Residual Tree Damage Following Selective Logging in a Caspian Hardwood Forest
Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development, 2016
This study evaluated the logging damage to residual trees following logging operations by opportunity and replacement cost approaches. A total density of 5.1 trees/ha and 17.3m 3 /ha of wood were harvested. On average, 9.8 trees were damaged for every tree extracted including 8 trees killed or severely damaged. The results of showed that selective cutting can damage residual trees US$47369.25. The results of this study also suggest that logging practices need to be accompanied by close supervision of field personnel and post logging site inspections to be implemented properly.
Economic analysis on log damage during logging operation in Caspian Forests
Journal of Forestry Research, 2013
Waste wood was studied in an economic enterprise by logging, function, tree species and log size in four Caspian hardwood sites. Damaged logs were recorded with additional information obtained for the location, dimensions and type of damage. The data were analyzed statistically to determine significant differences of damage during logging process. The results indicated that animal harvesting systems cause more volume (40.5% of log volume) and value loss (89.5 ⋅m−3)tologsthanmechanizedharvestingsystems(13.9⋅m-3) to logs than mechanized harvesting systems (13.9% and 6.0 ⋅m−3)tologsthanmechanizedharvestingsystems(13.9⋅m-3), also bucking resulted in significantly more volume (9.9% of log volume) and value loss (5.5 ⋅m−3)whencomparedtoskidding(0.2⋅m-3) when compared to skidding (0.2% of log volume and 0.2 ⋅m−3)whencomparedtoskidding(0.2⋅m-3), decking (0.4% of log volume and 0.2 ⋅m−3)andloading(0.2⋅m-3) and loading (0.2% of log's volume and 0.3 ⋅m−3)andloading(0.2⋅m-3) operations. Study showed that the processes of skidding, decking and loading of logs have very little impact on damage levels. Volume and value losses of damaged logs are not sensitive to tree species and log size. The information from the field study is important in creating new guidelines or training to help minimize hardwood log damage during the timber harvesting process.
Felling and skidding damage to residual trees following selection cutting in Caspian forests of Iran
Journal of Forest Science
The felling and skidding damage to residual trees was investigated in a selectively cutting operation in the Caspian forest of Iran. The logging operation was performed by chainsaw and cable skidder. Prelogging, after felling and skidding operations residual tree injuries (species, DBH and damage) were inventoried by systematic plot sampling. Two types of tree damage were observed: destroyed and injured. In this study felling operations mainly injured trees whereas skidding was the main cause of destruction. The percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by felling operations was 1.4% and 3.4%, whereas the percentage of destroyed and injured residual trees by skidding operations was 5.2% and 11.1%. About 87% of destroyed trees were found in the DBH class smaller than 22.5 cm. Maple and Alder were the most damaged trees among the other trees species. Damage to the lower bole and wood damaged intensity were the most common type of injury. To reduce the stand damage, skid ...
Residual trees injury assessment after selective cutting in broadleaf forest in Shafaroud
Caspian J. Env. Sci, 2010
In the Shafaroud forest, logging operation is generally performed by using selective cutting methods. Chainsaw and cable skidder are two main forest machines for harvesting of this forest. However, forest harvesting operations result in serious residual stand damage during felling, winching and skidding operations in this forest. Residual stand damage resulting from selective cutting was assessed on Avardim district in the Shafaroud forest in the north of Iran. Logging operation was performed by chainsaw and cable skidder. To gain benefit of directional felling, Landing and skid trail was planned prior to felling. Study area was cruised using 14 random sampling plots centered on transect lines uniformly distributed throughout the harvested area. Study results indicate majority of the injuries that occurred belong to the skidding and winching stage and the bole portion of tree (> 1m). Beech trees were injured more than trees of other species, and the mean area of injury was 290.3 cm 2. Investigation on felling error showed that 40% of felled trees were at an angle of about 45-70 degrees with skidding direction, therefore felling crew could not lead the felled trees toward the skid trails. Increase felling error made the remaining trees more susceptible to injuries. This research indicated that preliminary planning of skid trail prior to felling is not a sufficient measure to minimize residual stand damage but proper training of crew is essential to insure a good performance of the operation. Felling crew should be not only trained and experienced workers but also aware of the value of residual crop trees, and the importance of minimizing stand damage if uneven-aged stand management practices are to be successful
In the uneven-aged mixed forests, logging operation is generally performed by using selection cutting method. However, logging activities result in serious residual stand damages during felling and skidding operations in these stands. Therefore, the effects of main factors on stand damage should be well understood by the logging managers to plan proper logging operations with minimum damage. In this study, the residual stand damages from a logging operation was studied in an uneven-aged mixed forest to examine the main factors (i.e. logging stages, tree species, and location, size, and type) affecting stand damages. Then, some of the suggestions and practices that can be implemented during logging operations to reduce stand damage were presented.
African journal of agricultural research
The impacts of three timber harvesting techniques (manpower, skidder, and skyline) on residual trees, seedlings, and timber products were investigated in natural oriental spruce stands in Artvin, Turkey. Each of timber harvesting techniques was used in 5 different harvesting sites. The degree of damage caused by timber harvesting techniques in the residual trees, seedlings and timber products was calculated as based on injuring size. The results showed that timber harvesting techniques resulted in damages to residual trees, seedlings, and timber products, but the degree of damages caused by the harvesting techniques was significantly different. The highest level of damage was caused by manpower, followed by skidder and skyline harvesting technique. These results suggest that the damages caused by logging can be minimized by using proper timber harvesting techniques.