Effects of Different Types of Physical Training on Bone Mineral Density in Men and Women (original) (raw)
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Role of exercise in osteoporosis prevention--current concepts
JOURNAL OF PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 2008
Osteoporosis is a metabolic disorder of the bones due to loss of both bone mineral and bone matrix in equal proportions resulting in a bone that is weak and unable to support the body. This becomes a problem in the elderly who are then at risk of frequent fractures increasing the morbidity and mortality. Measures taken early in life in the form of calcium and exercise go far in preventing the development of this disorder. The primary purpose of this narrative review is to evaluate the current literature and to provide insight into the role of exercise relating to osteoporosis. Emphasis is given to the importance of the specific types of exercises needed to increase bone strength and muscle power, keeping in view the age and general physical condition of the person.
Preventing osteoporosis with exercise: A review with emphasis on methodology
Medical Hypotheses, 1989
Exercise is thought to have considerable potential as a preventive for osteoporosis. We critically examined 27 studies that address the prophylactic role of exercise in osteoporosis. The results from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showed that differences in bone mass were more pronounced in the axial skeleton as opposed to the peripheral compact skeleton. The 17 cross-sectional studies demonstrated greater bone mass among highly trained athletes compared with sedentary subjects, while results among recreational athletes were inconsistent. The 10 prospective investigations examining the effect of exercise on bone mass yielded conflicting results; only one study of six found an overall positive response in compact bone mass at the radial site, and only one study examining the spine showed a significant gain among the exercisers. Additionally, all the prospective investigations included serious methodologic flaws; most failed to employ a randomized design, appropriate estimates of sample size were lacking, none provided information on blind outcome assessment, and most studies were of short duration. Current evidence suggests that exercise may have only limited value in affecting bone mass in the short term and widespread recommendations for the prophylactic use of exercise should await further validation using better methodological rigor.
Exercise Training and Bone Mineral Density
Quest, 1995
The effect of exercise training on total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women is reviewed. Several studies on the non-estrogenreplete postmenopausal population show 1-2% changes in regional BMD with one year of weight-bearing exercises. Studies of exercise training in the estrogenreplete postmenopausal population suggest large BMD changes. The long-term effect of exercise on the rate of loss in BMD after menopause and its effects on osteoporotic fractures is a critical area for future investigations. The focus of this article is on the effects of exercise training on regional and total bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Excellent review articles on physical activity and bone mineral density have been completed (Drinkwater, 1994a, 1994b; Forwood & Burr, 1993; Marcus et al., 1992; Snow-Harter & Marcus, 1991). Much less is known on the relationship of physical activity to bone fracture risk. Studies on premenopausal female adults have shown that participation in exercise programs for up to one year can increase the regional BMD from 1 to 3% (Gleeson, Protos, LeBlanc, Schneider, & Evans, 1990; Lohman et al., in press; Snow-Harter, Bouxsein, Lewis, Carter, & Marcus, 1992). While this effect is statistically significant, it is not likely to have major health benefits on the incidence of osteoporosis in the elderly. Studies are needed on how exercise programs affect the older populations, where the rate of bone mineral loss may be decreased by exercise, as well as in the adolescent population, where bone mineral development may be enhanced by exercise. Drinkwater (1994b) summarizes the status of the literature in this area as follows: "There are no prospective studies to document the effect of increased physical activity with a resultant increase in bone mass on the incidence of osteoporotic fractures" (p. 724).
2015
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of 3-years of moderate multi-component exercise training on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in a female subject with osteoporosis. A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman, a known case of osteoporosis following an accident, participated in this study. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content was measured in the femoral neck area and the lumbar spine by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The measurements lasted four years, first year without any exercise training and three succeeding years with exercise intervention. After three years of exercise training, bone mineral density and bone mineral content were improved in both regions, despite the increase in age and decrease in weight. This case highlights the importance of exercise training in maintaining and increasing bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the spine and hip in postmenopausal women. Considering its positive effects, regular and lifelong exercise training must be incorporated into peoples' life due to the chronic nature of bone loss in aging process.
The Effect of Physical Activity on Bone Accrual, Osteoporosis and Fracture Prevention
The Open Bone Journal, 2011
Background: Physical activity has been recommended for the prevention and even treatment of osteoporosis because it potentially can increase bone mass and strength during childhood and adolescence and reduce the risk of falling in older populations. However, few reports have systematically investigated the effect of physical activity on bone in men and women of different ages. Purpose: The goal of this study was to review the literature relating to the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density in men and women of various ages. Method: This review systematically evaluates the evidence for the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density. Cochrane and Medline databases were searched for relevant articles, and the selected articles were evaluated. Results: The review found evidence to support the effectiveness of weight bearing physical activity on bone accrual during childhood and adolescence. The effect of weight bearing physical activity was site-specific. In contrast, the role of physical activity in adulthood is primarily geared toward maintaining bone mineral density. The evidence for a protective effect of physical activity on bone is not as solid as that for younger individuals. Conclusions: The effect of weight bearing physical activity is seen in sites that are exposed to loading. There also seems to be a continuous adaptive response in bone to loading. Additional randomized, controlled studies are needed to evaluate the effect of physical activity in the elderly.
Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2015
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of 3-years of moderate multi-component exercise training on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in a female subject with osteoporosis. A 57-year-old postmenopausal woman, a known case of osteoporosis following an accident, participated in this study. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content was measured in the femoral neck area and the lumbar spine by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The measurements lasted four years, first year without any exercise training and three succeeding years with exercise intervention. After three years of exercise training, bone mineral density and bone mineral content were improved in both regions, despite the increase in age and decrease in weight. This case highlights the importance of exercise training in maintaining and increasing bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the spine and hip in post-menopausal women. Considering its positive effects, regular and lifelong...
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES TO TREATMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS
The osteoporosis is a systemic disease of the skeletal system, characterized with bone loss and disruptions of the microarchitectonics of the bone tissue, leading to bone fragility. One of the remedies, used as a prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is remedial gymnastics. Through moderate physical activity are achieved improvements of bone and muscle strength and better coordination. Scheduled sessions of remedial gymnastics could prevent falls and fractures, which lead to immobilization and premature death. It's appropriate to encourage the patients from risky groups to include in their daily regiment a physical exercise plan made by a specialist. The goal of this review is to highlight the importance of the physical activity for bone health and to list the key physical exercises, which are a must in an effective kinesitherapeutic program.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 1998
The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of 18 months of calisthenics and endurance training regimens on bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal women. Clinically healthy sedentary female volunteers (n ؍ 105) aged 52-53 years were randomly assigned to a calisthenics (n ؍ 36), endurance (n ؍ 34), or control (n ؍ 35) group. The calisthenics training (2.6 times per week on average, 50 minutes per session) consisted of rhythmic strength-endurance exercises by large muscle groups, and the endurance training (3.2 times per week, 50 minutes) consisted of walking, stair climbing, ergometer cycling, and jogging at a controlled heart rate zone corresponding to 55-75% of the individual maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) of the subjects. The control subjects performed a light stretching program once a week. The BMD of the lumbar spine (L2-L4), right femoral neck, calcaneus, and distal radius was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 0, 4, 8, 10, 14, and 18 months, and the maximal isometric strength during trunk extension and flexion, leg extension, and arm flexion and the VO 2max by ergospirometry were evaluated at 0, 8, 10, and 18 months of intervention. The VO 2max improved significantly (p ؍ 0.021) in the endurance group. The linear trend of the femoral neck BMD in the endurance group, as determined by generalized linear models, was significantly different (p ؍ 0.043) from that of the control group, the trend indicating a maintenance of the prestudy BMD. In the calisthenics group, the training effect was not significant. However, the distal radius BMD of the endurance group showed a significant negative trend (p ؍ 0.006). These results suggest that multiexercise endurance training maintains the BMD the clinically important femoral neck of perimenopausal women. This form of endurance training proved also to be feasible for healthy perimenopausal women. (J Bone Miner Res 1998;13:483-490)
Exercise in the Prevention of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures
Osteoporosis, 2002
The prevention of osteoporotic fracture by exercise intervention requires a two-pronged approach; that is, the maximization of bone strength and the minimization of falls. The former is most effectively addressed before peak bone mass has been attained, so that the latter is the primary option for the older, osteoporotic individual. Intense animal and human research activity over the last twenty years has generated a wealth of data that has led to recommendations for exercise prescription to both enhance bone strength, and minimize risk of falling. Whether those exercise protocols will be shown to effectively reduce actual fracture incidence requires the analysis of longer term data than is currently available.