AN ALTERNATE APPROACH TO ASSESSING CROSS-CULTURAL MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE IN ADVERTISING RESEARCH (original) (raw)

On the cross-national generalisability and equivalence of advertising response scales developed in the USA

International Journal of Advertising, 2002

In this rapidly globalising world economy, cross-cultural research and knowledge about how consumers in different countries perceive television advertising is particularly relevant and important. If consumers from different cultures perceive advertising in a similar manner, then the market may be responsive to standardised advertising campaigns as well as standardised copy-testing designs. In this study, we investigate viewer responses to two global advertising campaigns by administering four advertising response scales in six countries: Australia, England, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and the USA. Multisample structural equation modelling is conducted on data from these six samples. Results indicate equivalence of the four scales across the countries investigated, with the exception of the USA. Managerial implications are considered, limitations noted and suggestions for future research provided. The continuing progression from a world of distinct and selfcontained national markets to one of linked global markets is being fuelled by the increasing liberalisation of trade and the recognition of the competitive advantages associated with a global presence. Indeed, globalisation is a powerfully homogenising influence, as consumers in many countries receive the same intense communications and global

How consumer heterogeneity muddles the international advertising debate

International Journal of Advertising, 2010

Standardisation versus localisation is an enduring topic in international advertising. The generalisability of research on the topic is another issue. We address the second issue and in the process shed light on the first. Multifacet analysis on an international advertising data set indicated that individuals within countries accounted for much more variance than countries could account for. This portends that researchers should generalise with caution. It further suggests that some form of standardisation may be appropriate more often than is currently considered. Both between and within-country heterogeneity should influence international advertising strategies.

Culture and Its Influence on Advertising: Misguided Framework, Inadequate Comparative Design and Dubious Knowledge Claim

International Communication Gazette, 2009

This study reports results from a content analysis of comparative advertising studies published in 11 major journals between 1975 and 2005. In the context of sociology of knowledge, the objective was to determine how we come to know what we know about the relationship between culture and advertising in cross-national settings in terms of competing theories and common methodological practices, and to propose concrete solutions to analytical problems encountered in comparative advertising research. The results show that the framework of existing studies was often misguided and the comparative design inadequate to determine the effect of culture on advertising, leaving the knowledge claim of a causal relationship dubious.

Cross-Cultural Models in International Advertising and Consumer Behavior Research

Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Politeness (ICLP 2020), 2021

Past advertising and marketing research has employed two distinct approaches to understanding consumer behavior. Some studies have used the informational social influence approach by operationalizing the consumer behavior outcome domain as a psychological phenomenon wherein individuals are intended to adopt the actions of others to replicate the accurate behavior in a specified condition. This is contrasted with the cultural approach that advocates normative influence where an individual conforms to be adored or accepted by others. This study is inclined to shed light on the cultural approach wherein conformity is an influence involving a change in consumer behavior to align with normative standards. It is also a common and pervasive approach to define the domains of cross-cultural advertising studies wherein norm-congruence is used in defining the influences on consumption patterns. For a better description, in the case of cultural values incongruence, an individual is persuaded to do somewhat that they might not intend to do but which they distinguish as "necessary" to retain a positive relationship with his/her associated members of a particular group or culture. Thus, the conformity approach generally consequences from identification with the group associates or from compliance of some associates to appease others. The study offered a direction for future international advertising research to tap the cultural influences by using GLOBE dimensions.

Challenges in Cross Cultural Advertising

Jurnal Humaniora, 2016

At first, marketing practitioners and academics consider standardized approaches to marketing and advertising strategies in globalization, and then some studies proved that the standardization of advertising across culture is not valid. Therefore, cross cultural advertising takes local culture into account when conveying messages in advertisements. Cross cultural understanding is very important in order to produce successful localized advertising that would reflect the cultural values and norms of intended audience. Challenge in cross cultural advertising is the problem of communicating to people of diverse cultural background. Cross cultural solutions are applied in areas such as language, communication style, images and cultural values. Cross cultural advertising is simply about using common sense and analyzing how the different elements of an advertising campaign are impacted by culture and modifying them to best speak to the target audience. Other challenges are determining betw...

Horizontal and Vertical Cultural Differences in the Content of Advertising Appeals

Journal of international consumer marketing, 2011

The distinction between vertical (emphasizing hierarchy) and horizontal (valuing equality) cultures yields novel predictions regarding the prevalence of advertising appeals. A content analysis of 1211 magazine advertisements in five countries (Denmark, Korea, Poland, Russia, U.S.) revealed differences in ad content that underscore the value of this distinction. Patterns in the degree to which ads emphasized status benefits and uniqueness benefits corresponded to the countries' vertical/horizontal cultural classification. These and other patterns of ad benefits are analyzed and the predictions afforded by the vertical/horizontal distinction versus the broader individualism-collectivism distinction are compared and tested.

Global or Adapted Advertising? Consumer Evaluation of Advertising Activity of Foreign Enterprises on the Polish Market

Contemporary Economics, 2021

Intensification of globalization processes in the contemporary world entails conse-quences for all areas of socio-economic life. The latter concerns also advertising, which is particularly sensitive to the developments occurring in the global envi-ronment. Expansion into foreign markets presents enterprises with the dilemma of how to advertise their products and services. The specific question which appears in this context is whether to use standardized or adapted advertising. The attitude of the audience on the target market is of key importance. The present article also focuses on the impact of globalization on the recipients’ perception of the adver-tising activity of foreign companies operating in the Polish market. Assessment of the degree of acceptance of foreign enterprises’ standardized advertising activities on the Polish market, their attractiveness and impact on competitiveness, from the perspective of Polish consumers. The basis for the study are the findings of a sur-vey conducted in 2019 and 2020 on a sample of Polish consumers aged 15+ se-lected using the quota method. The subject of the research were opinions on ad-vertising activities used on the Polish market by foreign companies, taking into account the differentiation into global and adapted advertising. The respondents assessed the level of attractiveness and acceptance of activities related to advertis-ing standardization procedures. The results of the research indicate that Polish consumers perceive the globalization of advertising and have mixed feelings about it. On the one hand, they appreciate the attractiveness of standardized advertise-ments, on the other, they assess their effectiveness as worse. However, the re-spondents also point out that they have a positive impact on the competitiveness of foreign companies. The perception of standardized advertising is generally not dependent on demographic characteristics. There is only a slight direct effect of age on the perception of attractiveness and effectiveness of standardized and adapted advertising.

Global Advertising, Attitudes and Audiences (Routledge Advances in Management and Business)

In discussing Asian responses to global media advertising, my underwriting project is philosophical criticism of dominant empiricist or positivist accounts of consumer reactions as 'attitudes' to given realities. Instead, consumers are considered as culturally (in)formed, located on cultural 'horizons of understanding' (Gadamer) from which they continually engage in projecting interpretive meaning. In this way, filling out the prescriptive narratives of marketing, consumer align and appropriate self - defining content or seek distance in alienated analyses of elements in screen presentation.

An Analytical Review of Standardization of International Advertising

The present content analysis of the literature on cross-national advertising tries to make sense of what seems a priori isolated, and therefore non conclusive findings by bringing them together in an analytic review of 210 research papers from the early 1960s to 2006. Our findings show that the cross-national advertising literature leans toward adaptation over the whole period, however with increasing standardization over time. Taboos, customs, and social mores still require local adaptation. Advertising execution should be customized while there is no clear recommendation for ad strategy. In fact, ad standardization is shown to be contingent on product category.