Frequency of and Risk Factors for Depression among Participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) (original) (raw)
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Changes in depression in a cohort of Danish HIV-positive individuals: time for routine screening
Sexual Health, 2011
Background: The aim of this study was to follow a cohort of HIV-positive individuals for 3 years in order to assess changes in depression, adherence, unsafe sex and emotional strains from living with HIV. Methods: Participants were assessed for depression, adherence, emotional strain and unsafe sex via a questionnaire. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) was used to assess the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms. Patients with a BDI score of 20 or above (moderate to major depression) were offered a clinical evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist. Results: In 2005, 205 HIV-positive individuals participated in the study. Symptoms of depression (BDI >14) were observed in 77 (38%) and major depression (BDI 20) in 53 (26%) individuals. In 2008, 148 participants were retested (72% of original sample). Depression (BDI >14) was observed in 38 (26%) and symptoms of major depression (BDI 20) in 24 (16%) individuals. Patients at risk of moderate to major depression were more likely to be non-adherent to medications, to practice unsafe sex and to suffer from emotional strains compared with patients not at risk of depression, both at baseline (2005) and follow-up (2008). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a decline in depression scores over time and an association between the risk of depression and low medication adherence, stress and unsafe sex. We recommend routine screening for depression to be conducted regularly to provide full evaluations and relevant psychiatric treatment.
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with depression. However, previous studies have not addressed familial factors. Methods Nationwide, population-based, matched cohort study of people with HIV (PWH) in Denmark between 1995 and 2021 who were matched on sex and date of birth with a comparison cohort randomly selected from the Danish population. Family-related factors were examined by inclusion of siblings of those in the cohorts. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for depression, receipt of antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and suicide, as well as the yearly proportions of study cohorts with psychiatric hospital contact due to depression and receipt of antidepressants from 10 years before to 10 years after study inclusion. Results We included 5943 PWH and 59 430 comparison cohort members. Median age was 38 years, and 25% were women. We observed an increased risk of depression, receipt of antidepressants, ECT, and suicide among PWH in t...
Risk of Depression in People With HIV: A nationwide population-based matched cohort study
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2023
Background: HIV infection is associated with depression, but previous studies are imprecise and have not addressed familial factors. Methods: Nationwide, population-based matched cohort study of people with HIV (PWH) in Denmark between 1995 and 2021, matched on sex and date of birth with a comparison cohort randomly selected from the Danish population. Aditionally, family related factors were examined by inclusion of siblings of these cohorts. We calculated hazard ratios (HR) for depression, receipt of antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and suicide and yearly proportions of study cohorts with psychiatric hospital contact due to depression and receipt of antidepressants from 10 years before to 10 years after study inclusion. Results: We included 5,943 PWH and 59,430 comparison cohort members. Median age was 38 years and 25% were women. We observed an increased risk of depression, receipt of antidepressants, ECT, and suicide among PWH in the 2 first years of observation (HR of 3.3 (95% CI: 2.5-4.4), 3.0 (95% CI: 2.7-3.4), 2.8 (95% CI: 0.9-8.6) and 10.7 (95% CI: 5.2-22.2)), thereafter the risk subsided, but remained increased. The proportions of PWH with psychiatric hospital contact due to depression and receipt of antidepressants were increased prior to-, and especially after HIV diagnosis. Risk of all outcomes were substantially lower among siblings of PWH than among PWH (HR for receipt of antidepressants was 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0-1.2)). Conclusion: PWH have an increased risk of depression, especially in the first 2 years after HIV diagnosis. Family related factors are unlikely to explain this risk.
HIV-depression: A Shadow Over 90-90-90 UNAIDS Program
There are 36.9 million people living with HIV (PLWHIV) according to a 2017 WHO estimation; 70% of the affected population is living in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Depression, alcohol/ substance abuse and neurocognitive deficit are the three most common psychiatric disorders found in PLWHIV in said countries. Depression is the most prevalent, with a rate over 30%. It is of high interest then, to study the way in which this high prevalence has an impact on initiatives for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection, such as the 90-90-90 program of UN-OMS. The way to do this, is to focus on the current state of the depression treatment cascade observed in PLWHIV, and its link with adherence to antiviral treatment 1 .
Frontiers in Psychiatry
BackgroundPeople living with HIV/AIDS have a higher rate of depression/depressive symptoms and this highly affects antiretroviral medication adherence. Therefore, much stronger evidence weighing the burden of depressive symptoms/major depression is warranted.MethodsWe investigated PubMed, Scopus, Psych-Info, and Embase databases for systematic review studies. A PRISMA flow diagram was used to show the search process. We also used the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist scores. A narrative review and statistical pooling were accompanied to compute the pooled effect size of outcome variables.ResultsOverall, 8 systematic review studies addressing 265 primary studies, 4 systematic review studies addressing 48 primary studies, and six systematic review studies addressing 442 primary studies were included for depressive symptoms, major depression, and their effect on medication non-adherence, respectively. Globally, the average depressive symptoms prevalence using...
Depression in patients with HIV is under-diagnosed: a cross-sectional study in Denmark
HIV Medicine, 2000
International studies suggesting that 20-37% of HIV-positive patients have diagnosable depression may underestimate the prevalence of this condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression among HIV-positive patients in an out-patient clinic in Denmark and to detect factors of importance for the development of depression.
Journal of Public Health in Africa, 2014
Clinical depression is a highly debilitating illness, which is often under-diagnosed and negatively impacts on the quality of life of its sufferers. When it co-exists with other medical conditions, its effect is even more incapacitating. Undiagnosed depression in the context of HIV infection leads to accelerated decline in CD4+ cell counts with concomitant increase in the viral load and poor adherence to the antiretroviral medications which lead to viral mutation and the evolution of resistant strains. This study examined the prevalence of depression, its correlates and the frequency of the diagnosis of the condition among HIV+ subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) by the internists and general physicians at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital in Northeastern Nigeria.
PLoS ONE, 2014
Background: With increased life expectancy for HIV-infected persons, there is concern regarding comorbid depression because of its common occurrence and association with behaviors that may facilitate HIV transmission. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of current depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care and assess the burden of major depression, relative to that in the general population. Methods and Findings: We used data from the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) and the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS). The eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used to identify depression. To assess the burden of major depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care, we compared the prevalence of current major depression between the MMP and BRFSS populations using stratified analyses that simultaneously controlled for gender and, in turn, each of the potentially confounding demographic factors of age, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Each unadjusted comparison was summarized as a prevalence ratio (PR), and each of the adjusted comparisons was summarized as a standardized prevalence ratio (SPR). Among HIV-infected persons receiving care, the prevalence of a current episode of major depression and other depression, respectively, was 12.4% (95% CI: 11.2, 13.7) and 13.2% (95% CI: 12.0%, 14.4%). Overall, the PR comparing the prevalence of current major depression between HIV-infected persons receiving care and the general population was 3.1. When controlling for gender and each of the factors age, race/ethnicity, and education, the SPR (3.3, 3.0, and 2.9, respectively) was similar to the PR. However, when controlling for gender and annual household income, the SPR decreased to 1.5. Conclusions: Depression remains a common comorbidity among HIV-infected persons. The overall excess burden among HIV-infected persons receiving care is about three-times that among the general population and is associated with differences in annual household income between the two populations. Relevant efforts are needed to reduce this burden.