Prevalence, correlates and under-diagnosis of clinical depression among adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy in a Tertiary Health Institution in northeastern Nigeria (original) (raw)
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2019
Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed u...
Background: Depression is a mental health condition that affects approximately 350 million people worldwide. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) are at increased risk of developing this condition. Identification of location-specific factors is crucial to minimizing this presentation in this sub-population. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence, severity, and associated sociodemographic and comorbidity of depression among people living with HIV and AIDS in a laboratory setting in Yenagoa, southern Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out on 282 PLWHA, aged 18 years and over. They receive HIV screening services in the laboratory of the Federal Medical Center, Yenagoa from March to April 2017. Sociodemographic data of respondents and selected comorbidities were collected using a modified structured questionnaire from the World Health Organization STEPS tool. Retrieving CD4+ count results from the laboratory registry, and height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. The presence of depression was assessed using the Patients Health Questionnaire-9 tool and performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with depression with a 95% confidence level. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 40±8.8 years and most of them were females 195 (69.2%). Seventy-five (26.6%) of the respondents were depressed, of whom 10 (13.3%) had severe depression, while 41 (54.7%) had mild depression. The most common symptoms of depression were fatigue (30.1%) and dysphoria (28.7%). There was an association between depression and CD4+ count <350 cells/µL with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 2.04 (95% CI: 1.14-3.63) and underweight with an aOR of 2.56 (95%CI: 1.01-6.47), while HAART with an aOR of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.18-0.84) was associated with decreased odds of developing depression. Conclusion: Depression appeared among a significant proportion of people living with HIV and AIDS in Yenagoa, southern Nigeria, and fatigue was the most common symptom of depression. Lack of HAART, low CD4+ count, and being underweight appear to be the major factors negatively associated with depression. There is therefore a need to ensure people living with HIV and AIDS continue to receive HAART to improve CD4+ count and increase BMI.
Background: Depression is a common mental disorder (CMD) with significant contributions to the burden of disease. It can lead to high social, economic and individual costs because it accounts for onethird of the days missed at work and a fifth of all primary health-care appointment. Objective: We aimed to explore the prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional study evaluating adult PLWHA receiving ART in three designated clinical hospitals was conducted. The validated Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess depressive symptoms, ineligible participants. Result: Multinomial regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for depressive symptoms. 348 participants were finally included in all analyses. 40.3% were found to have depressive symptoms with 13.7% having mild depressive symptoms and 26.6% having moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The results of multinomial regression analysis suggested that being married or living with a partner, recent experience of ART-related side effects, and/or history of HCV infection were positively associated with mild depressive symptoms, while increasing age was positively associated with moderate to severe depressive symptoms.
HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.), 2020
Background Nearly, 350 million people in the world are currently living with depression. Depression happening in PLHIV leads to alteration of economic productivity, decrease of working abilities, social isolation, physical decline and difficulties in solving problems. This study investigates the burden of depression and associated factors on HIV/AIDS patients attending an ART clinic. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was implemented from April 1 to May 30, 2019 on a total of 417 HIV-positive patients. Systematic random sampling technique was used to access the study participants. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were entered in to EpiData 3.1 and then were exported into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS window version 20) for analysis. Results Four hundred ten (410) respondents participated in the study with a response rate of 98.3%. The burden of depression was 50.5% in this study. Male (AOR=1.53; ...
Depression is the commonest neuropsychiatric disorder among people living with HIV (PLHIV) but it remains highly underdiagnosed among this vulnerable group due mainly to low index of suspicion on the part of clinicians and the lack of brief, reliable and valid screening instruments in the very busy clinics of sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the predictors of depression among adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) as well as evaluated the psychometric properties of the shorter version Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) among the subjects. This was a two-staged cross sectional survey conducted on 303 adults on HAART who were selected through the systematic random sampling technique at the ART clinic of the UMTH. In the first stage, anonymous sociodemographic questionnaire and the BDI-II were administered, while in the second stage, subjects who met the cut off score of 18 together with 30% of those with lower scores were administered the depressive disorder module of the composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI) as the gold standard. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of depression while Cohen's Kappa, Cronbach's alpha and the validity coefficients were computed to determine the psychometric properties. Over 20% of the subjects were depressed. Female gender, past history of psychiatric illness, family history of psychiatric ailment and short duration of HIV seropositivity were significant predictors of depression with the following odds ratios;
International Journal of Mental Health Systems
Introduction Depression is one of the common mental health disorders and predicted to be the second cause of the global health burden by the year 2020. Depression in HIV patients may lead to poor engagement to their HIV care which may finally result in poor treatment outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients on ART at Dessie referral hospital. Methods An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 395 HIV positive adult patients on antiretroviral treatment from November to January 2019. The study participants were selected by using the systematic random sampling technique among patients who visited the antiretroviral (ART) clinic in the hospital and standardized Patients Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to measure depression. Descriptive statistics like percentage, median with interquartile range (IQR) was computed and presented in the form of text and table. Binary logist...
2019
Background: Depression is one of the most frequently observed psychiatric disorder among patients with HIV/AIDS and it has been associated with increased risky behaviors, noncompliance to anti-retroviral treatment, and higher risk for co-morbid survival. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and pattern of depression among HIV positive patients on treatment at the ART clinic of UDUTH, Sokoto, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among 419 patients (selected by systematic sampling technique) attending the ART clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the research variables. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20 statistical computer software package. Results: Two hundred and twenty-seven (54.2%) of the 419 participants were identified as having depression, with 179 (42.7%) having mild depression, 46 (11.0%) having modera...
Depressive symptoms in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 2012
Introduction: The prevalence of depressive disorders in HIV-infected patients ranges from 12% to 66% and is undiagnosed in 50% to 60% of these patients. Depression in HIV-infected individuals may be associated with poor antiretroviral treatment (ART) outcomes, since it may direct influence compliance. Objective: To assess the presence of symptoms and risk factors for depression in patients on ART. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Certified interviewers administered questionnaires and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and participants' self-reported compliance to ART. Clinical and laboratory variables were obtained from clinical records. Patients with BDI ≥ 12 were defined as depressed. Results: Out of the 250 patients invited to participate, 246 (98%) consented. Mean age was 41 ± 9.9 years; most were male (63%). Income ranged from 0-14 Brazilian minimum wages. AIDS (CDC stage C) had been diagnosed in 97%, and 81% were in stable immune status. One hundred ninety-one (78%) reported compliance, and 161 (68%) had undetectable viral loads. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 32% (95% CI 26-40). In multivariate analysis, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with income (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.85; 95% CI 0.74-0.97; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms are frequent in patients on ART, and are associated with low income.