Effective Thermal Design Of Cooling Towers (original) (raw)

A Simplified Procedure for Calculating Cooling Tower Performance

Tower coefficient is commonly used to characterized the heat rejection capability of cooling tower. A simplified calculation procedure of tower coefficient is presented. The procedure is then applied to a popular cooling tower model, to illustrate the relationship between tower coefficient and water-air flow ratio. The data from a cooling tower site test are provided to verify the Merkel cooling tower theory, which is the basis of tower coefficient concept.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS OF LARGE COOLING TOWERS

“2-day workshop on Design, Construction, Maintenance and Water proofing of Liquid Retaining Structures”. 28-29th January 2005, Bangalore, Conducted by INSTRUCT, 2005

In any plant, turbo-generations are driven by treated steam, generating the electric energy. The steam is condensed in order to create an effective heat sink behind the turbine and recycled into the boiler. This requires large amount of cooling water where during the condensation process, heat energy is transferred into cooling water media and disposed of to atmosphere.

Studies on Thermal Performance Analysis on Cooling Towers -A Review

Journal of Advanced Mechanical Sciences, 2022

Cooling towers have been in use for different industrial applications for many years. These are a particular class of heat exchangers where industrial process water comes in contact with coolant air, enabling efficient heat rejection from circulating fluid-usually water. There have been many research attempts to improve the overall thermal performance of these systems to develop optimum working methodologies and address current systems' issues. This literature review is done to find out the various thermal performance analysis studies done on various industrial cooling towers.

Common Design Deficiencies in Counterflow Cooling Towers

ASME 2004 Power Conference, 2004

One of the best methods for insuring a power plant will produce its guaranteed base load is to have an excess of circulating cold water or at least the expected guaranteed cold water temperature throughout the year. Yet, within industry today, numerous mistakes continue to be made when purchasing a cooling tower, by both the Subcontractor, and the Contractor. Only following only normal design criteria established by cooling tower Subcontractors, or an industry association, is not sufficient. Guidelines in the cooling tower industry have been established to set forth minimum standards that have helped to eliminate obvious past deficiencies. They were not established to protect the Subcontractor. Nor were they established to guarantee the Contractor receives what is thermally and mechanically necessary for a given project. Design of a cogeneration or industrial plant does not always consider the necessary requirements on a cooling tower over the range of expected operation. This type of design for a cooling tower is more complicated than the single guarantee point operational design of a power plant that is the current norm. Just as the Contractor needs to consider how to meet the thermal energy requirements over the range of expected operation of the plant, the Subcontractor of the cooling tower must do the same. Contractors must be aware that the cooling tower designer does not consider aspects that are often applicable to cogeneration plants and therefore they must include exceptions to the Subcontractors’ optimized offering in their standard cooling tower specifications. These exceptions in no way disagree with the Codes and Standards adopted by the cooling tower industry or any governing agency. This paper will address exceptions that the power plant and cooling tower designer needs to take into consideration to ensure that a reliable supply of cold water relates to the thermal duty requirements from the plant throughout the year.Copyright © 2004 by ASME

A comprehensive approach to cooling tower design

Applied thermal engineering, 2001

In this paper, a mathematical model for a counter¯ow wet cooling tower is derived, which is based on one-dimensional heat and mass balance equations using the measured heat transfer coecient. The balance equations are solved numerically to predict the temperature change of air and water, as well as the humidity as a function of the cooling tower high. Experimental measurements on two pilot-scale cooling towers were carried out in order to analyze the performance of dierent cooling tower ®lling materials. Also, the performance of other cooling tower elements, such as droplet separators and water spray nozzles, was investigated in the pilot experiments. The¯ow distribution, i.e. the velocity ®eld, upstream to the ®lling material was predicted using the three-dimensional version of the computational¯uid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent/UNS UNS, version 4.2. The calculated¯ow ®elds are presented for dierent distances between the inlet of the air and the ®lling material. In addition, the two-dimensional version of the CFD code Fluent/ UNS UNS , version 4.2, was applied to predict the external air¯ow around the cooling tower and the back¯ow in dierent weather conditions in summer and winter. The research project was carried out in connection to an industrial cooling tower installation. Ó

Universal Engineering Model for Cooling Towers

2015

This paper presents a universal engineering model, which can be used to formulates both counter-flow and cross-flow cooling towers. By using fundamental laws of mass and energy balance, the effectiveness of heat exchange is approximated by a second order polynomial equation. Gauss -Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt methods are then used to determine the coefficients from manufactures data. Compared with the existing models, the new model has two main advantages: (1) As the engineering model is derived from engineering perspective, it involves fewer input variables and has better description of the cooling tower operation; (2) There is no iterative computation required, this feature is very important for online optimization of cooling tower performance. Although the model is simple, the results are very accurate. Application examples are given to compare the proposed model with commonly used models.