Review Potential Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical Waste: Critical Review and Analysis (original) (raw)
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Impact of Pharmaceutical Wastes on Human life and Environment:-A Review
own publication, 2018
Studies in many countries have demonstrated the presence of pharmaceutical products at trace levels in water streams and waste waters. The pharmaceutical compounds may enter the environment by different routes such as discharge of treated wastewater, seepage from landfills sites, sewer lines, runoff from animal wastes etc. Even though the environmental impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment at trace levels has not been clearly determined, the precautionary principle calls for action in the face of uncertainty. Even though risk from exposure to pharmaceuticals in drinking water is minimal, information about characterization of pharmaceuticals is still lacking. (Patneedi, 2015)
Impact of pharmaceutical pollutants on ecosystem - A Comprehensive review
ADVANCEMENTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING: COSMEC-2021
The pollution arising from pharmaceutical industry is increasingly considered to be a serious threat to environmental ecosystem as it effects the human health all around the world. Pharmaceuticals have the ability to get into the environmental surroundings at almost all their life cycle stages (disposal, use, and production), that means they have the chance to mix up with drinking water, or even they can accumulate in fish and vegetables. In this mini review, important pharmaceuticals aspects affecting the environmental surroundings have mentioned including their behavior in the environmental system, their sources, the Potential impact of Pharmaceutical Pollution on human being and Factors influencing the fate of pharmaceutical pollutant. A comprehensive literature study was summarized in the relevant databases to conduct the published research works that have been done recently about this topic. Identification of the origin sources of the pharmaceuticals and their products serve as a prevention measure which could help to eliminate pharmaceutical contamination. Serious actions should be considered to prevent the occurrence of pharmaceutical pollution on the ecosystem including; improving in the production, synthesis and design, of pharmaceuticals, sales, prescription, and waste handling, and control of the sources of pollution by applying advanced technologies.
Pharmaceutical Waste: Risk To Human Health And Environment
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020
The safe and effective management of Pharmaceutical waste has received a lot of attention due to its direct relation with human health and environment. The Knowledge of how to dispose unused medications is similarly significant like medication utilization. Numerous Pharmaceutical compounds at consideration level have been accounted for Wastewater. The revelation of an assortment of pharmaceuticals in surface, subsurface and drinking waters across the nation is increasing worries about the possibly unfriendly ecological results of these contaminants. In spite of the fact that an innovation and treatment convention as of now exists, effective Pharmaceutical waste management still stays a significant issue for all health care facilities. This article reviews the background of Pharmaceutical wastes, its impact on the environment and human health. This Review paper could give the significance of the legitimate removal of Pharmaceutical waste.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017
The pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan is growing with an annual growth rate of 10%. Besides this growth, this industry is not complying with environmental standards, and discharging its effluent into domestic wastewater network. Only limited information is available about the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environmental matrices of Pakistan that has motivated us to aim at the occurrence and ecological risk assessment of 11 PCs of different therapeutic classes in the wastewater of pharmaceutical industry and in its receiving environmental matrices such as sludge, solid waste and soil samples near the pharmaceutical formulation units along Shiekhupura road, Lahore, Pakistan. Target PCs (paracetamol, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, amlodipine, rosuvastatin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin and gemifloxacin) were quantified using in-house developed HPLC-UV. Ibuprofen (1673 µg/L, 6046 µg/kg, 1229 µg/kg and 610 µg/kg), diclofenac (836 µg/L, 4968 µg/kg, 6632 µg/kg and 257 µg/kg) and naproxen (464 µg/L, 7273 µg/kg, 4819 µg/ kg and 199 µg/kg) showed the highest concentrations among 11 target PCs in wastewater, sludge, solid waste and soil samples, respectively. Ecological risk assessment, in terms of risk quotient (RQ), was also carried out based on the maximum measured concentration of PCs in wastewater. The maximum RQ values obtained were with paracetamol (64 against daphnia), naproxen (177 against fish), diclofenac (12,600 against Oncorhynchus mykiss), ibuprofen (167,300 against Oryzias latipes), ofloxacin (81,000 against Pseudomonas putida) and ciprofloxacin (440 against Microcystis aeruginosa). These results show a high level of ecological risk due to the discharge of untreated wastewater from pharmaceutical units. This risk may further lead to food web contamination and drug resistance in pathogens. Thus, further studies are needed to detect the PCs in crops as well as the government should strictly enforce environmental legislation on these pharmaceutical units.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are considered as emerging contaminants (ECs) in the environment due to their known or suspected adverse ecological effects and human health risks. Wastewater, compost, and manure application release PPCPs into the agricultural soil systems. Since the plants can take up such ECs, they are considered as a primary window of human exposure to the PPCPs via the route of consumption of contaminated plants. This may lead to deleterious human health effects. However, as PPCPs are of various kinds, differential uptake and bioaccumulation in the plant have recently received research interest. Therefore, the present article reviewed the occurrence of PPCPs as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones, cytostatic drugs, contrast media, b-blockers, blood lipid regulators, antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials, ultraviolet filters, preservatives, insect repellents, and synthetic musks in the environment by assembling the literature. Moreover, plant uptake and translocation under the realistic and greenhouse condition, and the factors influencing the uptake and translocation through the plants are explicitly demonstrated in this review. Also, the human risk connected with the consumption of the contaminated plants and the research gap areas were investigated with future perspectives.
Pharmaceutical Products in the Environment: Sources, Effects and Risks
Vitae, 2012
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products have become an environmental problem in recent years. Their physicochemical properties and persistence in the environment have allowed the distribution of degradates and parent compounds in water, soil, air and food. The widespread use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in hospitals, domestic residences, agricultural and industrial facilities has increased their discharge into the water bodies, and its toxicity has started to manifest in different biological components of ecosystems. The development of methods for sample treatment and instrumental analysis techniques has enabled the separation, identification and quantification of active ingredients and degradates with higher environmental impact, at concentrations of parts per billion or even parts per trillion. In addition, in vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated their ecotoxicity in water, driving them to the classification of emerging organic pollutants, whose waste is indeterminate. Although their adverse effects are still unknown, they could have strong implications for global public health. This review presents the dynamics and the development of research over the past ten years about the presence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics, antihypertensives, antibiotics and other drugs in water bodies. Similarly, it described the impact of pharmaceutical activity, hospital services and domestic effluents on water quality.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
In the last three decades, pharmaceuticals research has increased tremendously to offer safe and healthy life, though it emerged as a new threat to the environment. These pharmaceutical residues pose a threat to the public health, and ecological balance, particularly in surface water located in agricultural catchments are facing more serious challenges. If these pharmaceutical residues left untreated could contaminate soil, water and may lead to serious outbreaks. However, many conventional treatments are integrated into wastewater treatment plants (WWTP's), but there is a lack of dedicated treatment in eliminating pharmaceutical residues. Thus, dedicated on-site treatment at source (such as Hospitals and pharmaceutical industries) is essentially needed before discharging effluent to sewers or water bodies. Furthermore, the potential impact of pharmaceutical compounds even in trace concentration is more severe than the other pollutants present in the environment. In contrast, very limited knowledge about how such compounds and their kinetics directly impacts the environment and long-term impacts on humans. Traces of antibiotic compounds in the aquatic environment lead to resistant bacterial strains, exhibit threat to organisms and human health, hence affecting treatment. The recent literature reported that the pharmaceutical residues enter the environment in trace level. But, in long terms, these pharmaceuticals, even in trace concentration, has a potential threat to human health and terrestrial ecosystem. In this review article, we summarize the pharmaceutical residues potential to cause disease outbreaks in community and eco-toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. Herein, we have reviewed the literature (1996-2020) to draw worldwide attention on rising pharmaceutical residues in the environment and associated impacts, disease outbreaks and eco-hazards.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO PHARMACEUTICAL EFFLUENTS
2014
Environment and health are directly or indirectly affected by pharmaceutical effluents especially in the vicinity of pharma industrial zones. Though untreated or partially treated effluents released by pharma industries, drinking water sources are being polluted. Different classes of pharmaceutical compounds like analgesic, antidepressant, antihypertensive, contraceptive, antibiotic, steroids and hormones etc. have been detected in water samples from ng/L to µg/L range. Though the detected amounts are very minute but highly toxic for human, animal and aquatic lives. There is a need of regular monitoring of concentration of pharmaceutical compounds in pharmaceutical effluents entering into drinking water sources in order to save environment as well as living form of lives from health hazards. The present paper highlights such toxicity, health risk and assessment of environmental hazards due to pharmaceutical pollutants.