Determinants of Sustainable Water and Sanitation Projects Implementation in Kilifi County, Kenya (original) (raw)
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ABSTRACT According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), (2010) report, people need water and sanitation to sustain their health and maintain their dignity. The report further states that water beyond the household sustains ecological systems and provides input into the production systems that maintain livelihoods. This means that water permeates all aspects of human development and lack of its access at household level or for production results to peoples’ choices and freedoms curtailed by ill health, poverty and vulnerability. Due to the fundamental role played by water in human life, a number of water projects have been implemented across the globe, targeting various livelihoods in a number of communities. This has seen the same happen in Kenya, more specifically in Magarini sub-county where this research targeted. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the impact of communal projects implementation on the welfare of local communities, while focusing on the Msumarini shallow wells in Magarini Sub county Kenya. The study was guided by four objectives that sought to; examine how employment opportunities created by communal projects implementation impacts on the welfare of the local communities of Magarini sub county, investigate how health related issues resulting from communal projects implementation impacts on the welfare of the local communities of Magarini sub county, examine how social conflicts created by communal projects implementation impacts on the welfare of the local communities of Magarini sub county and establish how environmental pollution caused by the implementation of communal projects impacts on the welfare of the local communities of Magarini sub county, Kenya. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study since the study was a social research in nature. In the study systematic random sampling was used in accordance to the characteristics and the elements that the population possessed from the various 8locations. The target population was about 1680but a population sample of 95was used as calculated by the Yamane (1967) formula. A pilot study was conducted to check the instruments reliability and validity and a correlation figure of 0.5 was considered. Data from the field was collected using a structured questionnaire which was administered personally, via e-mails, enumerators and picked them after they had been filled. The data then was sorted out, coded and analyzed using the SPSS version. Chi-square was used to test the hypothesis. From the hypothesis tested and the figures in the conversion of the data in chapter four, a number of issues emerged. For example the Chi-Square values of 21.57, 36.15, 50.97 and 24.77 were found for impacts on employment creation, health issues, social conflicts and environmental pollution respectively; meaning that in all the cases the alternative hypotheses were adopted. In relation to the findings in chapter four, the researcher recommended a number of issues like more funding for the water projects so as to take care of the unemployment in the area and further areas for research have been suggested.
2019
Sustainability of water project is crucial for direct and indirect beneficiaries when a project succeeds. Adequate involvement of all community in projects is still a challenge to most of the less developed countries such as Kenya. A lack of sufficient community engagement in project formulation, financing, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation has seen many projects dying before their fifth birthdays. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of community participation on sustainability of water projects in Kwanza sub-county, Trans-Nzoia County. A descriptive survey research design was used. The target population of the study was 32,181 households in Kwanza Sub-county, Trans-Nzoia County. The researcher used Sekaran (2003) sample size determination formula to give a sample of 380 Households. The researcher used simple random sampling to select the households. The study used questionnaire to collect data. The researcher pre-tested the questionnaire on 38 househ...
IJSSIT, 2023
Due to the Nairobi city's growing population, many low-income urban inhabitants have been forced into informal and low-income settlements with little to no water or sanitation. Despite many internal water reforms from the City Council of Nairobi in 2006 and the founding of Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company Ltd, the city's population and its surroundings continue to experience frequent and intermittent water shortages (NCWSC). This paper seeks to; highlight the influence of M&E Budgetary Allocation and point out the influence of M & E Technical Capacity on sustainability to water supply in Informal Settlements Nairobi City County. Budget and staff technical capacity building is critical in achieving projects' objectives and long term sustainability. A descriptive survey research approach was used to collect findings reported in this paper. A population of 730, representing 4 informal settlements were targeted and a sample size of 258 respondents selected using stratified random sampling strategy. The paper concludes based on descriptive, correlation and regression analysis that M&E budget allocation and M&E technical capacity have positive and significant effect on sustainability of water supply in informal settlements in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Hence allocation of sufficient financial resources specifically for M&E activities within water supply projects in informal settlements will lead to sustainability. Finally, the paper recommends investment in building the technical capacity of individuals and organisations involved in M&E activities related to water supply. More investigation can be done to ascertain other factors that contribute to accessibility of water in informal settlements areas since this paper focused on budgetary and staff technical capacity only.
Few studies have attempted to determine the tenability of Community Participation (CP) theory is explicating Water Production and Management dynamics in Urban Informal Settlements. Consequently, several gaps exist in knowledge of the value of this important theory for efforts to improve water service delivery in such settlements. The main purpose of this study is to contribute to efforts addressed to filling these gaps. Four water schemes established by Sustainable Aid in Africa International in partnership with different communities in the informal neighborhoods of Kisumu Kenya are used as empirical referent. The study is guided by the following three Research Questions; 1) what is the relationship between community participation and beneficiary satisfaction with the work of the water management committees in the four schemes? 2) what are the contributions (positive or negative) of community participation on the production of clean potable water supply in the informal settlements? 3) what are the participation-related factors affecting the performance of the schemes? Uncovering answers to these questions entailed the use of a mixed methods approach. The approach involved the application of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The former was employed mainly to answer the first two Research Questions and latter to deal with Research Question Three. The quantitative component of data collection involved administering a survey questionnaire through a simple random sampling technique. Logistic Regression and Chi-square Tests were employed to analyze the quantitative data. In the qualitative phase, Focus Group Discussions, Observation, Transect Walks and Photographic evidence was used to collect data analyzed through Constant Comparison Analytic technique. For Research Question One, the logistic regression results indicate that five participatory variables are significantly associated with beneficiary satisfaction with the work of the water management committees. These are provision of paid or unpaid labor to the water schemes, household willingness to intervene against pipe vandalism, meeting attendance, willingness to contribute money or time to the community water scheme and whether a household has ever made a complaint about water supply/quality issues. For Research Question Two, the chi-square test shows that households who use community managed water schemes and attend water and sanitation meetings tend to practice better water handing hygiene in the settlements. For Research Question Three, the following factors are identified to be either aiding and/or impeding the success of the schemes; networking and collaboration, continuous community engagement/participation, the formation of water consumer groups, coordination and organizational management, extent of institutional formalization, provision of dividends to the community, clannism, population increase, and poverty and community fatigue. This dissertation sheds new light on the role played by CP in managing vital resources such as water in urban informal settlements/neighborhoods. An important policy contribution is that CP can be used as a viable strategy in the establishment of effective water schemes in urban informal settlements. Furthermore, it can act as an antidote with regards to water quality improvements in urban informal settlements/neighborhoods.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2014
The purpose of this study was to analyze the ways in which community participation do influence sustainability of government funded water projects in Nzambani area which is a semi arid area in Kitui county in Kenya. The design used was mixed method design and the sampling technique was stratified sampling since four areas in Nzambani namely; Katoteni, Kwa Mai, Kavalula and Kyambenzi were analyzed. The sample size used was 185 respondents of whom 170 were the local community members who filled the questionnaire whereas 15 were members of water management committee in the area who were interviewed. The study revealed out that participation influence sustainability in the following discussed ways. First is that it promotes community contributions as indicated by 84.1% of the respondents .Secondly, is through effective representation of men and women as shown by 70% of the respondents. Decision making is also another way in which sustainably is influenced as a result of participation as indicated by 64.7% of the respondents. Furthermore, the results from the interview also affirmed that sustainability is also possible through the above ways. The study recommended that there is need for governments and other actors dealing with water projects in semi arid areas to continue creating a conducive environment through which community participation will be fostered so that sustainability can be assured.
Environmental & Socio-economic Studies, 2018
Sustainability of water projects is increasingly becoming an area of concern for researchers and development practitioners given the increased scarcity of water resources and the continued failure of many water projects in developing countries. The cited unsustainability of water projects indicates the lack of strong local institutions that would create an enabling environment. The argument put forward by this paper is that, for water resource projects to be sustainable there must be a well embedded local institution to facilitate effective supervision and management. This study was conducted in three villages of Iringa District to establish the role played by local institutions in creating an enabling environment for water project sustainability. The establishment of the roles played by various institutions was done through institutional mapping and focussed on the types and roles of each institution in ensuring sustainability of water projects. The findings show that the present institutional framework for the management of water supply and sanitation services in the study area is complex and has overlapping roles coupled with inadequate coordination and communication mechanisms. The binary regression model reveals that institutional related factors namely, project maintenance per annum and meetings conducted per annum, to be leading factors for sustainability. The study concludes that the coordination of various institutions is an important aspect for the sustainability of water projects. Therefore, local governments, donors and communities should make sure that technical aspects and regular follow-ups, as well as capacity building among members of the community and water user associations become an integral part of any water project for the realisation of sustainability.
Community participation (CP) has been shown to result in positive outcomes for development projects. However, most studies have focused on formal settlements. This study deviates from this norm by focusing on informal settlements. Four such settlements in Kisumu, Kenya are analyzed to determine the extent to which water handling hygiene practices constitute a function of CP. Basic 2 by 2 contingency tables and commensurate Chi-square tests are employed. The results, which were statistically significant at p < 0.01, confirmed the hypotheses. Beneficiaries of water systems involving CP practice better hygienede.g., cleaning water storage containers and protecting water sourcesdthan beneficiaries of non-CP systems. Those in the former group reported fewer incidences of waterborne diseases as well as less instances of odor in water than those of the latter. The findings lend credence to a less-known reason for community participation (CP), namely promoting and protecting the hygienic quality of potable water. Authorities in Africa and other impoverished regions would do well to adopt CP as a viable strategy for improving potable water supply project outcomes.
Using sustainable technology to upgrade sanitation : case study: Soweto East, Kibera
2008
According to the latest United Nations population projections, by the year 2030, 4.9 billion people will be urban dwellers. The environmental implications of this figure are staggering with perhaps the most adverse being felt in the cities of developing countries. Among the greatest challenges that governments in third world states will face is provision and maintenance of sanitation facilities for their ever growing city populations. In most of these countries, urbanization has caused the emergence of slums like Kibera, which is found in the capital city of Kenya, Nairobi. Kibera houses approximately 700,000 people. It has been calculated that the inhabitant density is more than 2000 people/ha and there is a major sanitation problem. In toilet technology it is generally assumed that on site sanitation is the best for highly populated areas. However, new sustainable alternative toilet technologies need to be researched further and put into practice in slum upgrading. This research was conducted in one of the villages of Kibera, which has a population of 70,000 people, through distribution of questionnaires. The objective was to analyze the most feasible toilet technology to satisfy the sanitation needs of the community in a sustainable way by asking community members questions related to the causes of poor sanitation facilities in their community, their willingness to improve their sanitation facilities and their general knowledge of the impact of practicing poor sanitation and which group suffers most negatively due to the poor sanitation in the community. The answers obtained were then analyzed using SPSS. In the discussion, the writer also points out observations that were made during the data collection. The results were very enlightening. Factors like low economic status, overpopulation, mismanagement of resources and poor land tenure policies were on the forefront of major causes of poor sanitation. There were however other underlying causes like mistrust among community members which create roadblocks to mobilization and sustainability. Most people however understood the general aspects of sanitation, this is, what is good and poor/bad sanitation and the impacts of practicing poor sanitation, more so on health. Most people did not mention environmental implications but they had an idea that it is negative. Overall, the community needs and expectations on sanitation facilities were identified.