The Bark Extraction of Salix Aegyptiaca L Antibacterial Activity (original) (raw)
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The Antibactrial and Antifungal Activity of Salix Aegypitica L Root and Leave Extraction
Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government
Musk Willow is also known as Salix aegyptiaca L. In the Middle East, especially in Iran, S. aegyptiaca extracts and essential oils are important areas in drug production with some pharmacological activities. S. aegyptiaca has long been used in herbal medicine to treat anemia and vertigo, as well as a cardiotonic and a fragrance additive in the preparation of local candies. Recently, it was discovered that S. aegyptiaca has antioxidant, anxiolytic, and hypocholesterolemic properties. The leaves of this plant contain high levels of phenols and flavonoids such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, catechin, quercetin, and salicin. The major constituents of the essential oil in leaves of S. aegyptiaca were classified as 1,4dimethoxybenzene, phenylethyl alcohol, carvone, citronellol, methyleugenol, eugenol, ntetradecane, and 4-methoxyacetophenone. This plant has become both food and medicine in Iran due to its ease of selection, widespread distribution, and remarkable biological activities. This review provides in-depth analysis of the botanical, chemical, and pharmacological aspects of Aedes aegyptiaca.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salix babylonica extracts
The methanolic extracts of the leaves and bark of Salix babylonica and their petroleum ether, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions were investigated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. They were also quantitatively assayed for their phenolic contents. Antimicrobial activities were determined against a panel of microorganisms; the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Antioxidant activity was carried out using ABTS antioxidant assay and phosphomolybdenum antioxidant assay. Total phenolic content was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract of the bark showed the highest total phenolic content, it showed also the highest antioxidant activity. The methylene chloride fraction of the bark showed the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli. The ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract of the bark showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The petroleum ether, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions of the methanolic extract of the bark exhibited moderate antifungal activities against Candida albicans.
2019
Background: In recent years, plant extracts are considered as an important source of many drug formulations for treatment of human beings from infection diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Salix mucronata leaves extracts and isolate their bioactive phytochemicals. Methods: The dry powder of Salix mucronata was extracted with different aqueous methanol concentrations. The 85% methanolic extract was further fractionated using different organic solvents. The antimi-crobial activity of different extracts and fractions was evaluated. The most bioactive fractions were submitted for chromatographic isolation and structure elucidation of their phytochemicals using chro-matographic and spectroscopic methods. Results: The ethyl acetate and the butanolic fractions derived from 85% MeOH extract gave a high antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones ranging between 10 mm and 26 mm and minimum inhibi-tory concentration (MIC) value of 8 mg/mL. While the butanolic fraction showed zones of inhibition ranging between 10 mm and 25 mm with MIC 8 mg/mL. Six compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction and their structures were elucidated as; apigenin (1), quercetin (2), quercetrin (3), rhamna-zin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), Chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucuronoid-6ʺ-methyl ester (5), and tremu-loidin (6). Also, five compounds were isolated from the butanolic fraction and their structures were elucidated as; kaempferol (7), luteolin (8), luteolin-3ʹ-methoxy-4ʹ-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10) and salicin (11). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the ethyl acetate and the butanolic fractions contain high flavonoids and salicinoids compounds which may attribute to their potential as antimicro-bial agents.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Various Extracts of Salvia aegyptiaca L
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2017
The present study was conducted to asses phytochemical and antibacterial activity of various crude extracts viz, pet-ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of Salvia aegyptiaca against bacteria and fungi such as Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC Code - 9886), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC Code - 6458), Aspergillus niger (MTCC Code - 872), Aspergillus flavus (MTCC Code - 8790) by adapting agar well diffusion method. The highest percentage of extraction yield was observed in aqueous extract followed by methanol, chloroform and petether extracts. The phytochemical test revealed that the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids and resins. The crude extracts of Salvia aegyptiaca have displayed significant to moderate and dose dependent (25, 50 and 100mg/ml) antibacterial and antifungal activity. The antibacterial activity of methanol extract shows maximum inhibition zone on Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus compared to Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 100mg/ml concentration. Similarly, the antifungal activity of aqueous extract shows maximum inhibition zone on Aspergillus flavus compared to Aspergillus niger at 100mg/ml concentration. Overall, fungi were more sensitive than the bacterial strains in Salvia aegyptiaca.
Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences
The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical components, antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil and plant methanolic extract of Salvia candidissima Vahl. plant, which is one of the sage species. By using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method, it was determined that there are 54 components in the essential oil of S. candidissima. These identified components were found to constitute 99.98% of the essential oil. The main components of the essential oil were determined as Spathulenol (12.75%), Caryophyllene oxide (8.67%), Ledene oxide (6.98%) and o-Cymene (6.03%). A antifungal activity of the essential oil against Rhizoctonia solani and Aternaria solani was found. As a result of the study, it was determined that the mycelial growth of A. solani was inhibited by 57.92% as a result of application of 10 μL petri-1 essential oil, while that of R. solani was inhibited by 51.87%. As a result of the antioxidant study conducted with plant extract, the values of Free Radical Scavenging DPPH (lC50 22.96 ± 0.45), Iron Reduction Power (FRAP 1.20 ± 0.16 mmol TE g-1 extract), Copper Reduction Power (CUPRAC 3.30 ± 0.12 mmol TE g-1 extract) and Free Cation Radical Scavenging TEAC (lC50 9.25 ± 0.40 (µg ml-1)) were determined. The Total Phenolic (TP) and Total Flavonoid (TF) contents were found as 83.53 ± 5.92 mg GAE g-1 extract and 59.02 ± 3.59 mg QE g-1 extract, respectively. These results showed that the essential oil and plant methanolic extract of S.candidissima has a significant antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi and strong antioxidant activity.
Determination of Antimicrobial and Biological Activities of Salvia sclarea L. (Lamiaceae) Extracts
Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry
Therapeutic plant species of genus Salvia are important and highly recommended medicinal plant, due to their pharmaceutical properties. In the present study, Salvia sclarea L. was collected during its flowering stage in 2016, Sarıcakaya (Eskişehir/Turkey) and dried medicinal plant material were macerated with 70% MeOH. The antimicrobial activity of Salvia sclarea extracts was determined with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Enterecoccus faecalis ATCC 51299, Bacillus subtilis NRRL B478, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258. The antibiofilm activity of Salvia sclarea extracts was determined against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990 Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258. In addition, the preliminary cytotoxicity assessment of extracts was tested with Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay against model organism Artemia salina nauplii. As a result, Salvia sclarea extract showed remarkably antimicrobial antibiofilm efficacy to all tested microorganisms. The cytotoxicity concentrations of Salvia sclarea plant extract also was determined. These results suggest the potential use of the Salvia sclarea L. extract as natural medicine in pharmaceutical industry.
The Open Agriculture Journal
Background: Willows are indispensable for the creation of anti-erosion plantations, preliminary soil-improving crops in the reclamation of disturbed lands, as well as for energy plantations designed to produce the biomass suitable for biofuels. In the process of care and thinning of these plantations, there are a huge amount of waste remains - young willow branches and leaves, which would be advisable to use in medical and pharmaceutical practice to create new supplements and medicines. They are known to possess antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Objective: The aim of the current paper is to determine the chemical composition of lipophylic extracts of some species of Salix L. genus and to study their antimicrobial properties. Methods: The lipophylic extracts from Salix cinerea L., S. incana Schrank, S. cаprea L., S. sachalinensis F. Schmidt, S. acutifolia L., S. fragilis L., S. caspica Pall., S. rosmarinifolia L. and S. myrsinifolia Salisb. fresh shoots were obtain...
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022
Hundreds of different fast-growing Salix hybrids have been developed mainly for energy crops. In this paper, we studied water extracts from the bark of 15 willow hybrids and species as potential antimicrobial additives. Treatment of ground bark in water under mild conditions extracted 12−25% of the dry material. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography is proven here as a fast and highly efficient tool in the small-scale recovery of raffinose from Salix bark crude extracts for structural elucidation. Less than half of the dissolved material was assigned by chromatographic (gas chromatography and liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic (mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) techniques for lowmolecular-weight compounds, including mono-and oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) and aromatic phytochemicals (triandrin, catechin, salicin, and picein). The composition of the extracts varied greatly depending on the hybrid or species and the harvesting season. This information generated new scientific knowledge on the variation in the content and composition of the extracts between Salix hybrids and harvesting season depending on the desired molecule. The extracts showed high antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.6−0.8 mg/mL; however, no inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium. MIC of triandrin (i.e., 1.25 mg/ mL) is reported for the first time. Although antibacterial triandrin and (+)-catechin were present in extracts, clear correlation between the antibacterial effect and the chemical composition was not established, which indicates that antibacterial activity of the extracts mainly originates from some not yet elucidated substances. Aquatic toxicity and mutagenicity assessments showed the safe usage of Salix water extracts as possible antibacterial additives.
Salicin Content from Salix Alba L. And Salix Purpurea L. Extracts and Its Antibacterial Effects
Contribuţii Botanice
The species Salix alba L. and Salix purpurea L. are medicinal herbs, frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry. This study performs phytochemical and antibacterial analysis of ethanolic extracts from the bark of these two species. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed by thin-layer chromatography identifying the salicin and salicylic acid; the salicin content was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography. The bark extracts yielded 4.300 μg/ml-1 salicin for Salix alba and 1.167 μg/ml-1 salicin for Salix purpurea. The plant extracts were tested on Gram negative and positive bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Both tested strains showed a mild resistance, but S. aureus showed slightly higher inhibition by all extract samples.
Summary Objectives Salvia species have long been described in traditional medicine for various indications. Owing to the widespread use of this genus by ethnic populations, especially for various infections ranging from skin disease to gastrointestinal disorders, we were encouraged to determine whether Salvia rhytidea could be effective against fungal infections. Given the increased incidence of candidiasis in the past decade, limits on the use of antifungal drugs, emergence of azole-resistant Candida species and increased incidence of treatment failures, it is necessary to identify a novel agent with antifungal properties. Aim of the study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of S. rhytidea against various Candida isolates. Materials and methods In this study, at first rosmarinic acid content of plant extract was determined. A total of 96 Candida isolates were tested, including the following species: Candida albicans (n = 42), Candida glabrata (n = 16), Candida tropicalis (n = 11), Candida krusei (n = 9), Candida parapsilosis (n = 9), Candida lusitaniae (n = 7) and Candida guilliermondii (n = 2). The in vitro antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of S. rhytidea Benth. was evaluated against Candida isolates and compared with that of the standard antifungal drug nystatin by using a broth microdilution method, according to CLSI. Results Phytochemical screening results showed that the methanolic extract of S. rhytidea Benth. was rich in flavonoids and tannins. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of S. rhytidea Benth. ranged from 3.125 to > 100 μg/ml and 6.25 to > 100 μg/ml respectively. The growth inhibition value displayed that C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. albicans isolates were most susceptible to S. rhytidea. Conclusions Findings show that S. rhytidea possesses an antifungal effect against Candida isolates. Citing articles (0) Résumé Objectifs Des espèces du genre Salvia ont été signalées depuis longtemps dans la médecine traditionnelle pour diverses indications. En raison de l’utilisation généralisée de ce genre par les populations ethniques, en particulier pour diverses infections allant de maladies de la peau à des troubles gastro-intestinaux, nous avons été intéressés de déterminer si Salvia rhytidea pouvait être efficace contre les infections fongiques. Compte tenu de l’augmentation de l’incidence des candidoses dans la dernière décennie, des limites sur l’utilisation de médicaments antifongiques, de l’émergence des espèces de Candida résistants aux azolés et de l’augmentation de l’incidence des échecs de traitement, il était nécessaire d’identifier un nouvel agent avec des propriétés antifongiques. Le but de notre étude était d’évaluer les propriétés antifongiques de S. rhytidea contre divers isolats de Candida. Matériels et méthodes Dans cette étude, la teneur en acide rosmarinique d’extrait de plante a été déterminée. Un total de 96 souches de Candida ont été testées, y compris les espèces suivantes : Candida albicans (n = 42), Candida glabrata (n = 16), Candida tropicalis (n = 11), Candida krusei (n = 9), Candida parapsilosis (n = 9), Candida lusitaniae (n = 7), et Candida guilliermondii (n = 2). L’activité antifongique in vitro des extraits méthanoliques de S. rhytidea Benth. a été évaluée contre les isolats de Candida et comparée à celle de la nystatine, médicament antifongique standard, en utilisant un procédé de microdilution en bouillon selon CLSI. Résultats Les résultats de l’analyse phytochimique ont montré que l’extrait méthanolique de S. rhytidea Benth. était riche en flavonoïdes et en tanins. La concentration minimale inhibitrice (MIC) et la concentration des valeurs minimales fongicides (MFC) de S. rhytidea Benth. allaient de 3,125 et > 100 μg/mL et 6,25 et 100 μg/mL respectivement. La valeur d’inhibition de la croissance a montré que les isolats de C. tropicalis, C. krusei et de C. albicans étaient les plus sensibles à S. rhytidea. Conclusions Les résultats montrent que S. rhytidea possèdent un effet antifongique contre les isolats de Candida