Improving the performance of polymer-flooding produced water electrodialysis through the application of pulsed electric field (original) (raw)
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Electrodialysis-based desalination and reuse of sea and brackish polymer-flooding produced water
Desalination
The reuse of polymer flooding produced water (PFPW) generated in oil and gas industry is limited by its salt content, making desalination by electrodialysis a promising treatment option. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) assess the technical feasibility of employing electrodialysis to desalinate PFPW generated in assorted scenarios, and 2) evaluate the reuse of the electrodialysis-desalted water to confect polymer-flooding solution. The experimental work involved desalting two kinds of synthetic PFPW solutions, one with relatively low salinity (TDS = 5000 mg/L, brackish PFPW), and another with high salinity (TDS = 32,000 mg/L, sea PFPW), at two different temperatures, and later reusing the desalted solution to prepare viscous solutions. For the electrodialysis runs, the effects of feed composition and temperature on water transport, energy consumption and current efficiency were analyzed. It was found that the presence of polymer did not significantly influence the water transport rate or the specific energy consumption for the seawater cases, but had a measurable effect when desalting brackish water at 20°C. It was also found that some polymer remained in the stack, the loss occurring faster for the brackish PFPW. Still, both kinds of reused PFPW probed adequate to be employed as a basis for preparing n polymer solution.
Desalination of Polymer-Flooding Produced Water at Increased Water Recovery and Minimized Energy
When desalinating an industrial stream like polymer-flooding produced water via electrodialysis (ED), high water recoveries, low energy consumption, and reduced membrane area are all desirable. However, little effort has been done until now to experimentally achieve these goals. Encouraged by recent and promising results obtained using aliphatic membranes and pulsed electric field, this study experimentally evaluated different strategies and operational conditions to increase the water recovery while keeping a low energy consumption. The results obtained were analyzed to understand the trade-offs in operative time, water recovery, and energy consumption. Finally, the experimental data was employed to perform an economic analysis, which indicated that although further optimization should be possible, current conditions already make ED desalination of polymer-flooding produced water a sound case from an economical point of view.
Energy consumption of an electrodialyzer desalinating aqueous polymer solutions
2021
When performing electrodialysis (ED) to desalinate a stream, both the energy for desalination and the energy for pumping contribute to the total energy consumption, although under typical working conditions (e.g., brackish water desalination) the latter is usually negligible. However, the energy penalty might increase when desalinating viscous mixtures (i.e., viscosity of 2–20 cP). In this work, we experimentally investigate the desalination performance of an ED-unit operating with highly viscous water-polymer mixtures. The contribution of desalination and pumping energy to the total energy consumption was measured while varying diverse parameters, i.e., salinity and viscosity of the feed, and geometry and thickness of the spacer. It was found that the type of spacer did not significantly influence the energy required for desalination. The pumping energy was higher than predicted, though in most cases minimal compared to the energy for desalination. Only when using thin spacers (300...
Electrodialysis desalination for water and wastewater: A review
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020
The principle of electrodialysis (ED) desalination was first presented in 1890 by Maigrot and Sabates, and its development into industrial scale started for more than 50 years ago. The operation of ED is driven by the development of ion exchange membranes produces high water recovery and does not require phase change, reaction, or chemicals. These advantages provide environmental benefits without the use of fossil fuels and chemical detergents. Whilst there are a number of reviews that have attempted to optimise ED performance for various applications, ED technology still has limitations involving scaling, membrane fouling, and permselectivity. In this paper, an extensive review of current studies on the process, principles, and setups of ED technology is given to deliver a comprehensive collection of all the main findings published on this technology so far. Also, it provides an overview of the possible sustainability approaches to be integrated with the ED process. The current developments and the sustainability of ED are critically examined for in-depth knowledge of what makes ED a promising desalination for potable water production. Finally, mathematical approaches to the design of ED process are briefly mentioned.
Separation and Purification Technology, 2002
Fouling of ion exchange membranes is one of the major problems during electrodialysis (ED) operation. Effects of pulsed electric fields on membrane fouling in electrodialysis were studied with NaCl solution containing humate. The performances were evaluated using various frequencies of electric pulses. In desalting of NaCl solution with humate as a foulant, the optimum frequency was found to be 100 Hz in terms of conductivity and cell resistance changes. A membrane fouling index for electrodialysis (EDMFI) is proposed as a quantitative measure of the membrane fouling tendency of electrodialysis processes.
Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on the Electrodialysis Performance of Phosphate-Containing Solutions
Membranes
A comparative analysis of mass transfer characteristics and energy consumption was carried out for the electrodialysis recovery of PV from of NaH2PO4 solutions and multicomponent (0.045 M NaxH(3−x)PO4, 0.02 M KCl, 0.045 M KOH, 0.028 M CaCl2, and 0.012 M MgCl2, pH 6.0 ± 0.1) solution in conventional continuous current (CC) and pulsed electric field (PEF) modes. The advantages of using PEF in comparison with CC mode are shown to increase the current efficiency and reduce energy consumption, as well as reduce scaling on heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes. It has been shown that PEF contributes to the suppression of the “acid dissociation” phenomenon, which is specific for anion-exchange membranes in phosphate-containing solutions. Pulse and pause lapse 0.1 s–0.1 s and duty cycle 1/2 were found to be optimal among the studied PEF parameters.
Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 2018
Electrodialysis (ED) with pulsed electric field (PEF) has never been tested on complex food system such as sweet whey. In this study, seven PEF pulse-pause combinations were compared with DC current to assess their impacts on whey demineralization. Highfrequency PEF improved the demineralization rate by 81 % while reducing the energy consumption by about 16 %. This was explained by the emergence of electroconvective vortices (ECV) at the beginning of each pulse due to the appearance of a voltage spike. Since their lifetime are around 0.5 s, these ECV did not have time to fade off during the whole process in the case of high-frequency PEFs increasing consequently the mass transfer. Furthermore, PEF ratio of 1 decreased pH changes and thus could prevent scaling and organic fouling formation. Hence, ED with PEF is a new advantageous energy-efficient approach for the demineralization of whey that could be used in the dairy industries. Highlights: High frequencies pulsed electric field increase the process efficiency The voltage spike at the beginning of pulse induces electroconvective vortices Pulse/pause combination impacts the pH variation Pause lapse duration impacts the migration of ions
2012
Electrodialysis (ED) has currently found many applications in numerous industrial sectors. However, membrane fouling and energy consumption (EC) must yet be reduced to further intensify the process performance in terms of demineralization rate (DR) and its related operation outlays. One of the most common current problems of electromembrane processes is membrane fouling by minerals present mainly in complex physiological treated solutions such as milk or seawater. Recent attempts to induce, and thus to study this fouling problem have consisted in the ED of solutions containing high Mg /Ca + ratios at high current densities, and using basified concentrate streams. Particularly, a study showed that the application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) intensified the process and reduced cationexchange membrane (CEM) fouling when imparting PEFs of low on-duty ratios (PEF ratio 0.25 (Ton/Toff = 10 s/40s)), and using acidified concentrate solutions. However, the ED process carried-out lasted t...
Treatment of sea water using electrodialysis: Current efficiency evaluation
Desalination, 2009
In this paper, desalination of seawater using a laboratory scale electrodialysis (ED) cell was investigated. At steady state operation of ED, the outlet concentration of dilute stream was measured at different voltages (2−6 V), flow rates (0.1−5.0 mL/s) and feed concentrations (5000−30,000 ppm). The electrical resistance of sea water solution in the dilute compartment was initially calculated using basic electrochemistry rules and average concentration of feed and dilute streams. Then, current intensity in each run was evaluated using Ohm's law. Finally, current efficiency (CE) which is an important parameter in determining the optimum range of applicability of an ED cell was calculated. It was found out that, at flow rates larger than 1.5 mL/s, higher feed concentrations lead to larger values of CE. However, exactly opposite behavior was observed at lower flow rates. Increasing the feed flow rate increases CE to a maximum value then decreases it down to zero for all cell voltages and feed concentrations. In the case of higher feed concentrations, maximum values of CE are obtained at higher flow rates. As expected, in almost all experiments, CE increases by intensifying cell voltage. CE values of up to 48 indicate effective ion transfer across the ion exchange membranes in spite of low separation performance of the ED cell.
An Insight into Electro-dialysis for Water Treatment
Electro-dialysis is used for treatment of industrial wastewater. In this method ion selective membranes separates compartments of the electro-dialysis tank and two ends of the tanks are equipped with positive and negative electrodes. The ions to be separated move towards opposite electrodes. The factors such as initial concentration, applied voltage and temperature affect the performance. Desalination of water for reuse and recycle is purpose of treating water by electro-dialysis. Investigations are reported on electro-dialysis for exploring possibilities of different electrodes, membranes and optimizing operating parameters. Current review summarizes research and studies on electro-dialysis.