Climate Change in Coastal Region of Bangladesh (original) (raw)
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Climate Change and Development Impacts in Bangladesh
Climate Change and Development Impacts in Bangladesh
There are other factors also variable in nature. These are considered 'external' forcing factors and it includes sun, Earth orbital parameters, land-ocean distribution, Earth topography (land and ocean), and basic composition of the atmosphere and ocean. Climate Change: Climate change means variation of weather. It is the most pressing issue at the moment over the world. It is also called global warming. Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun's activity or large volcanic eruptions. ii
Present status of Impacts of climate change and adaptations in Bangladesh coastal areas
Social Change, 2021
Climate is changing from its very beginning, but the impacts are becoming noticeable over last several decades. Coastal zone of Bangladesh is geomorphologically and hydrologically dominated by the Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna (GBM) river system and Bay of Bengal. This zone is being continually attacked by cyclones, sea level rise, storm surge which have caused terrible impacts on this low lying coastal area. Due to climate change and geographic location, coastal areas of Bangladesh are highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Climate change will create an additional stress and have direct a negative consequence coastal ecosystems, biodiversity livelihood, and economy and food security. This study aims to identify Background of present status of climate change and its impacts of regional scale, rationality of coastal risks assessment, environmental impacts, risks potentials, quantifying vulnerability, climate change adaptation strategies and coping mechanisms. Several studies are initiat...
High population density, inadequate infrastructure and low adaptive capacity have made the urban population of Bangladesh highly vulnerable to climate change. Trends in climate and climate-related extreme events in five major cities have been analyzed in this paper to decipher the variability and ongoing changes in urban Bangladesh. An analysis of 55 years (1958-2012) of daily rainfall and temperature data using nonparametric statistical methods shows a significant increase in annual and seasonal mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures in all five cities. A significant increase in climate-related extreme events, such as heavy rainfall events ([20 mm), hot days ([32°C) and hot nights ([25°C), is also observed. Climate model results suggest that these trends will continue through the twenty-first century. Vulnerability of urban livelihoods and physical structures to climate change is estimated by considering certainty and timing of impacts. It has been predicted that public health and urban infrastructures, viz. water and power supply, would be the imminent affected sectors in the urban areas of Bangladesh. Adaptation measures that can be adopted to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change are also discussed.
Impacts of climate change on coastal ecosystems of Bangladesh
Beyond the local, national and regional importance, the Sundarbans mangrove of Bangladesh's southwest coastal region holds Outstanding Universal Value for which it is declared as a World Heritage Site. However, this ecosystem is potentially threatened by climate change and other anthropogenic impacts (e.g., exploitation, land-use change and pollution). Temperatures are gradually increasing due to the increased greenhouse gas concentrations. This results in the thermal expansion of ocean water and melting of mountain glaciers. Both are contributing to sea-level rise. The combination of climate-change induced sea-level rise and a lower freshwater flow from upstream rivers due to infrastructural developments results in salt water intrusion and consequently salinity increase. All these climate-change induced problems and anthropogenic impacts negatively affect fresh water resources needed for diverse coastal ecosystems and coastal communities. For instance, although salinity is one of the essential physical factors needed for ecological development of the Sundarbans mangrove (Tomlinson 1986), it also limits the growth and development of the mangrove vegetation when salinity concentrations become too high (Nandy et al. 2007). How this globally important and irreplaceable ecosystem can be affected by all these environmental changes, is important for conservation efforts. Moreover, direct influences of sea-level rise on freshwater sources come principally from seawater intrusion into surface waters and coastal aquifers with further encroachment into estuaries and coastal river systems (Hay and Mimura 2005). The resulting lack of drinking water sources and changes in land quality for food production affect adjacent coastal communities. Hence, millions of coastal people are looking for options to cope with the increased salinity threats, the lack of fresh water sources and also their livelihood loss. Therefore, to assess the impacts of salinization on different coastal systems for target-oriented adaptation planning is now imperative. This PhD project, therefore, aims to evaluate the impacts of salinity increase on the Sundarbans mangrove at different scales (mangrove vegetation and wildlife habitat) and for the adjacent coastal communities by identifying target-oriented measures to adapt to the climate-change impacts, particularly salinity increase. 1.2.2 Southwest coastal region of Bangladesh and climate change impacts Bangladesh's southwest coastal region is potentially vulnerable to climate change and its impacts (i.e., sea-level rise, salt water intrusion, inundation and salinity increase), mostly due to its environmental setting (Figure 1.1). This region is exposed to the sea and also connects the upstream and downstream Ganges basin. This exposed coastal region lies about 1.5m Introduction 3 above mean sea-level and this makes it vulnerable to sea-level rise and salinity increase (Chowdhury 2009). In addition, river flow and rainfall play an important role in maintaining the fresh water flow through the region and in determining the region's salinity levels (IWM 2014). However, during dry season, the flow in the Gorai River, a distributary of the Ganges and a major source of fresh water flow for this region, is being reduced due to the construction of Farakka Barrage on the upstream of Ganges river basin in India. This has resulted in a large increase in salinity of the area in addition to climate-change induced sea-level rise. Recent research has shown that saltwater intrusion increased up to 15km north of the coast due to sea-level rise. Currently saltwater intrudes up to 160km inland in the dry season due to reduced upstream river flows (SRDI 2010). This salt intrusion has large impacts on both ecological and socioeconomic systems which provide essential social, economic and ecosystem services for the region. Hence, its highly diverse ecosystems, like the world's largest single tract of mangroves (the Sundarbans), wetlands (vast network of rivers of the Ganges-Brahmaputra tidal plains) and inlands (mostly crop-agriculture) have already started to be severely affected by this salinization (Rabbani et al. 2013, Rasel et al. 2013, Sarker et al. 2016). In addition, this salinization leads to extreme drinking water scarcity for about 6.2 million people in this region (Abedin et al. 2014). Moreover, people in this region mostly depend on agriculture, fishery and resources extraction from the mangroves. However, all these activities are highly sensitive to climate change, and subsequent increases in sea-level rise, salinity and decreased fresh water flows from upstream particularly during the dry season (World Bank 2014). 1.2.3 Salinity increase and the Sundarbans mangrove The Sundarbans is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world spreading over the south western part of Bangladesh (~6,000km 2) and the West Bengal State in India (~4,000km 2) (BBS 2001). This unique ecosystem provides vital breeding and nursery grounds for diverse marine resources, serves as a natural defence to cyclones and tidal surges, supports the livelihood of about 3.5 million coastal people and most importantly harbours the last remaining habitat of many globally endangered species of flora, such as Sundri (Heritiera fomes), and fauna, such as Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) (Gain 2002). It is declared as a Ramsar Site under the Ramsar Convention in 1992 and World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997 for its outstanding ecological importance, universal value, biological diversity and ecosystem services (Sanyal 1999). 1.2.3 Salinity increase and the Sundarbans mangrove The Sundarbans is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world spreading over the south western part of Bangladesh (~6,000km 2) and the West Bengal State in India (~4,000km 2) (BBS 2001). This unique ecosystem provides vital breeding and nursery grounds for diverse marine resources, serves as a natural defence to cyclones and tidal surges, supports the livelihood of about 3.5 million coastal people and most importantly harbours the last remaining habitat of many globally endangered species of flora, such as Sundri (Heritiera fomes), and fauna, such as Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) (Gain 2002). It is declared as a Ramsar Site under the Ramsar Convention in 1992 and World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997 for its outstanding ecological importance, universal value, biological diversity and ecosystem services (Sanyal 1999). Introduction 4 above mean sea-level and this makes it vulnerable to sea-level rise and salinity increase (Chowdhury 2009). In addition, river flow and rainfall play an important role in maintaining the fresh water flow through the region and in determining the region's salinity levels (IWM 2014). However, during dry season, the flow in the Gorai River, a distributary of the Ganges and a major source of fresh water flow for this region, is being reduced due to the construction of Farakka Barrage on the upstream of Ganges river basin in India. This has resulted in a large increase in salinity of the area in addition to climate-change induced sea-level rise. Recent research has shown that saltwater intrusion increased up to 15km north of the coast due to sea-level rise. Currently saltwater intrudes up to 160km inland in the dry season due to reduced upstream river flows (SRDI 2010). This salt intrusion has large impacts on both ecological and socioeconomic systems which provide essential social, economic and ecosystem services for the region. Hence, its highly diverse ecosystems, like the world's largest single tract of mangroves (the Sundarbans), wetlands (vast network of rivers of the Ganges-Brahmaputra tidal plains) and inlands (mostly crop-agriculture) have already started to be severely affected by this salinization (Rabbani et al. 2013, Rasel et al. 2013, Sarker et al. 2016). In addition, this salinization leads to extreme drinking water scarcity for about 6.2 million people in this region (Abedin et al. 2014). Moreover, people in this region mostly depend on agriculture, fishery and resources extraction from the mangroves. However, all these activities are highly sensitive to climate change, and subsequent increases in sea-level rise, salinity and decreased fresh water flows from upstream particularly during the dry season (World Bank 2014). 1.2.3 Salinity increase and the Sundarbans mangrove The Sundarbans is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world spreading over the south western part of Bangladesh (~6,000km 2) and the West Bengal State in India (~4,000km 2) (BBS 2001). This unique ecosystem provides vital breeding and nursery grounds for diverse marine resources, serves as a natural defence to cyclones and tidal surges, supports the livelihood of about 3.5 million coastal people and most importantly harbours the last remaining habitat of many globally endangered species of flora, such as Sundri (Heritiera fomes), and fauna, such as Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) (Gain 2002). It is declared as a Ramsar Site under the Ramsar Convention in 1992 and World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997 for its outstanding ecological importance, universal value, biological diversity and ecosystem services (Sanyal 1999). influences are, for example, noticeable in the top dying and root rot diseases of H. fomes, retrogression of forest types, slow forest growth and reduced productivity of forest sites (MPO, 1986). If these noticed impacts continue, new species may invade the area of H. fomes and ultimately vegetation composition and regular succession patterns will change after a certain period of time. In particular because salinity determines to a large extent the dominating vegetation type (Ahmed et al. 1999). These observed changes have already started to affect wildlife habitat in this...
Climate change is an important issue in the effort of global peace. Average global temperature and sea levels are changing every day. The whole world is worried about the climate change. Climate change is affecting the daily life and economy in Bangladesh. Every year the country faces unexpected rain, dry spells, temperatures and other symptoms of changes in global weather pattern. Bangladesh is experiencing frequent severe weather pattern in the form of floods, cyclones, heavy rains, droughts, river erosion, salinity intrusion, tsunami, Aila due to climate change. Bangladesh is vulnerable to climate change due to dense population and low lying coastal areas. An increasing world population and harmful industrial worldwide is the main causes of climate change. Severity of storms, droughts, rainfall, floods and other natural disaster has been increasing in Bangladesh due to climate change. Global warm threatens our agriculture which is backbone of Bangladesh. Every year natural disaster has widespread effects in Bangladesh, touching every corner of the country. Due to limited resources Bangladesh does not have capacity to ensure appropriate measures to mitigate the damage. Bangladesh is losing ponds, lakes, dams, forestry. National and regional varieties of fish are being lost. Scientists have reported that 54 varieties of fish in Bangladesh have already been lost due to climate change. Forests animals are also being lost. Human health, agriculture and natural ecosystem, coastal areas and temperatures are sensitive to climate change. Due to climate change, the weather in Bangladesh has changed, water level has fallen, temperatures have risen and incidence of floods, dry spells and cyclones have increased, affecting life styles and the crops. At least 30 rivers including the Padma, Gumti and the Teesta have dried up. Most of the others river is being lost due to filled with soil. North Bengal of Bangladesh becoming desserts. Bangladesh is likely to be among the countries that will be worst affected by climate change. In the last few decades, extensive floods, cyclones, tidal surges, tsunamis, droughts, river bank erosion etc have been attacked our country frequently. UNDP identified Bangladesh to the most vulnerable country in the world to natural disaster. In the 1991 cyclone, death amounted to a figure of 1, 40,000. In the 2007 sidre, the total number of death was only 3,500. In the Aila total death was recorded 179. This was because of intensive disaster management program. Bangladesh needs to technological and economic support to survive the effects of changing climate. We have to learn to live with this change. Cyclone warning system should be strengthen, coastal embankment has to be build, cyclone shelter is to be established, navigate the rivers, ensure smooth flow of rivers. Last of all, we have to be environment friendly.
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DIFFERENT SECTORS OF BANGLADESH
2017
Due to climate change and reduced biodiversity, Bangladesh is already experiencing the effects of serious environmental damage. Water, land and soil degradation, biodiversity loss and natural disasters are negatively impacting the lives of Bangladeshi people across the country, from everyday challenges to threatening livelihood and life. The paper seeks to discuss the impact of Climate Change on Bangladesh on sectoral issues from various perspectives such as Agriculture, Fisheries, Urban Areas, Forestry, and Biodiversity. It commences with an introduction highlighting the general information about the topic. The second part focuses on both natural and artificial causes and effects of climate change on sectoral issues while the last part discusses mitigation strategies. Findings provided in this paper can constitute a baseline for future analysis as it elaborates tools and strategies for citizen information, training them about climate change and sustainability.
"Impact of climate change on socio-economic development of bangladesh"
1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Rationale of the study 4. objectives 5. Methodology and Scope 6. Literature Review 7. Definition of Climate 8. Causes of climate change 9. Climate of Bangladesh 10. Major natural disaster and their impact in Bangladesh 11. Climate change, an impact in some special area 12. Recommendations 13. Conclusion 14. Reference
Climate Change in Bangladesh: Evidence from Temperature, Precipitation, and Rainfall
International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 2020
Lying on the Bay of Bengal most of the area of Bangladeshis less than 10 m above sea level and ranked 160 out of 181 countries for climate vulnerability to climate change. Nowadays climate change is a great challenge for most countries in the world and Bangladesh has already faced significant challenges to climate change although making only a small contribution to global emissions. The impact of climate change in Bangladesh is severe by already affecting livelihoods, food, and water security, ecosystems, and infrastructure, etc and climate-related hazards will be severe in the future. Bangladesh has already been facing a gradual increase in temperature and precipitation, while overall weather patterns erratic and less predictable than before. The rainfall pattern has also changed significantly due to climate change. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the changing pattern of temperature, precipitation and rainfall patterns due to climate change. The study of this paper tries to build an overall climate scenario in Bangladesh by analyzing the temperature, precipitation, and rainfall changes over time. The result of this study finds that the overall temperature tends to increases by 1 0 C, 1.6 0 C, 2 0 C, and 2.4 0 C in the year 2030, 2050, 2070 and 2100. Precipitation also projected to increases in 2030, 2050 and 2070. The rainfall pattern will change significantly in the last half of the century.