Predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus in a highparity community in Saudi Arabia (original) (raw)
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Family medicine and primary care, 2021
Background: Pregnancy is a diabetogenic condition, with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) developing in 3 to 25% of all pregnancies. GDM has unfavorable short-and long-term consequences for both mothers and their children. We conducted this study aiming to assess the prevalence of gestational diabetes and associated risk factors during pregnancy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional survey study. GDM diagnosis was based on the universal two-hour 75 g OGTT. GDM cases were defined using the 75 g OGTT with at least one value of plasma glucose concentration equals to or exceeds the thresholds of 92 mg/dl, 180 mg/dl, and 153 mg/dl for fasting one-hour, and 2-hour post glucose, respectively. The data was collected by the study authors from patients' files using a data collection form that included the oral glucose tolerance test results in addition to the participants' socio-demographic data. Results: A total of 384 pregnant women were recruited, the highest percentage (29.7%) of them aged 26 to 30 years old, 35% were overweight and 24.5% were obese, and 72.4% were multi-parity. Based on the 2h OGTT, the prevalence of GDM was 32.6%. The univariate logistic regression analysis showed that old age, low educational level, higher BMI, family history of DM, higher rates of multi-parity, abortions, C-sections, and hypothyroidism were significant risk factors for GDM. On the other hand, there were no significant associations between occupational status, PCOS, preeclampsia, hypertension, asthma, and GDM. Conclusion: GDM diagnosed on basis of the OGTT criteria was very common among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Overweight and obesity as well as older age were associated with an increased risk of GDM. Also, low educational level, family history of DM, GDM history, history of abortion, and C-section were all significant risk factors of GDM.
Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
Objectives: We aimed to find out the prevalence and associated risk factors of GDM among females who attended antenatal clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (SA). Methods: This retrospective study was carried out from 25th September 2016 till 20th December 2016, at the Endocrine Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, KAUH, Jeddah, SA. A total of 5000 women attended antenatal clinic and 637 women were referred to the endocrine clinic for GDM. The data of only 103 GDM was included in the study because only these patients’ complete data was available. The electronic record of 93 pregnant age and BMI matched females, not having GDM were selected as a control group. Results: The prevalence of GDM was 12.75% (637/5000). Parity was associated with GDM (X2=16.82, P=.001) and GDM was significantly higher in multigravida while no association of GDM was found with working status, place of living, hypertension, family history of DM and BMI. Logistic regression analysi...
BioMed Research International, 2017
The objectives of this study were to estimate the burden of diabetes and to explore the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with pregestational diabetes mellitus (pre-GDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among the Saudi pregnant population. In this subcohort, we compared the maternal and the neonatal outcomes of diabetic women with pre-GDM and GDM to the outcomes of nondiabetic mothers who delivered during the same period. From the total cohort, 9723 women participated in this study. Of the participants, 24.2% had GDM, 4.3% had pre-GDM, and 6951 were nondiabetic. After adjustment for confounders, women with GDM had increased odds of delivering a macrosomic baby (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.1). Women with pre-GDM were more likely to deliver by Cesarean section (OR: 1.65; CI: 1.32–2.07) and to have preterm delivery < 37 weeks (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.5–2.8). Neonates of mothers with pre-GDM were at increased risk of being stillbirth (OR: 3.66; CI: 1.98–6.72), at increased risk of admis...
Gestational diabetes among Saudi women: prevalence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes
Annals of Saudi Medicine, 2015
G estational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with the onset or first recognition during pregnancy. 1,2 Previously, the prevalence of GDM was reported to range from 1 to 14%, depending on the population studied and the diagnostic tests employed. 3,4 However, the prevalence of GDM has increased since 2010 by 2to 3-fold, ranging from 8.9 to 53.4%. 5-15 This increment is mainly due to the adoption of the new criteria proposed by the International Association of Diabetes and
International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 2015
The presence of either diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) or GDM constitute a high-risk pregnancy. Given the high rate of DMT2 and GDM in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), no study has ever compared whether GDM outcomes are comparable to those with DMT2. The present study aims to compare for the first time, maternal and neonatal outcomes among Saudi patients with GDM, DMT2 and non-DM groups. This is a retrospective study covering data from 1718 pregnant patients admitted at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, KSA from April 2011 to March 2013. The prevalence of GDM was 13.8%, DMT2 was 0.9%. DMT2 group had the highest mean parity and shortest mean gestational age as compared to other groups. Half of all the subjects in the DMT2 group also experienced preterm labor, as opposed to only 10% in GDM and 14% in the non-DM group, respectively. Finally, neonates delivered by DMT2 mothers had the highest percentage of admissions to NICU (33%) as compared to 10% in the non-DM group and only 5% in t...
Factors Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study
Cureus, 2021
The absence of tolerance in the levels of carbohydrates at the onset or at the time of pregnancy amongst females is known as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study is designed to determine the frequency of GDM and factors responsible for GDM to assess the actual magnitude of the outcome. Furthermore, it allows for developing strategies to minimize morbidities and improve the pregnancy outcome by early diagnosis and timely management, which can help reduce the frequency of GDM. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of GDM and the factors responsible for GDM. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Unit 2, Civil Hospital Karachi from the period starting from March 1, 2017, and ending on August 31, 2017, in order to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of GDM. The study was carried out on 674 pregnant women. A total of 185 consecutive booked cases between the ages of 20 and 40 years, with parity 1 or more with gestational age greater than 24 weeks, were included in the study. Fasting plasma glucose levels 5.1-6.9 mmol/L (92-125mg/dl) and two hours plasma glucose levels of 8.5-11.0 mmol/L (153-199mg/dl) were set up as cutoff levels. GDM and factors were labeled on the basis of cutoff levels. Factors responsible for GDM included high maternal age when the age of the women was greater than 35 years and grand multiparity when women having a number of children greater than five, that is, women who have given birth five or more times. The collection forms were completed in the postpartum period. All information was obtained through the patient's clinical record and prenatal card. Initially, all variables were analyzed descriptively. To see the association of the groups, the chi-squared test (χ2 test) or Fisher's exact test was used. The level of significance used for the tests was 5%. Results The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 9.73% (95% CI: 8.53-12.64). The average age of the patients was 28.99 ± 4.34 years. The average pre-gestational BMI was 25.44 ± 2.74. Out of 185 women, 127 (68.65%) were less than or equal to 30 years of age. The average pre-gestational BMI was 25.44 ± 2.74, and average gestational age was 28.99 ± 2.34 years, respectively. A total of 161 (87.03%) of the women had a family monthly income of more than 10,000 PKR. There were 61 (32.97%) primiparous, 97 (52.43%) multiparous, and 27 (14.59%) grand multiparous women. Most of the women were illiterate numbering 36 (19.46%) or primary educated, numbering 30 (16.22%), and secondary educated or higher numbering 6 (3.24%). High maternal age (>30 years), high parity (>3), previous history of GDM, and family history of GDM were the significant factors of GDM. Conclusion The results of our study showed that the prevalence of gestational diabetes was 9.73% (95% CI: 8.53-12.64). Therefore, this study also showed that developing GDM was directly related to the following factors; such as the history of GDM in previous pregnancies with advanced maternal age, increased parity, and any medical history including a family history of GDM, along with the level of education of women. Hence, early detection and intervention are important because it improves pregnancy outcome.
2021
Introduction: Few things are proven, there are modifiable and non-modifiable factors that could impact on the health of pregnant women who have Gestational Diabetes Millitus (GDM). However, case control studies are lacking that explore the modifiable factors and identify which modifiable factors are associated with GDM.Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the modifiable associated risk factors of GDM among women at 32 to 40 weeks of gestation.Methodology: A case-control study design was conducted at secondary hospitals for women and children in Karachi, Pakistan. The data were collected from 100 cases and same number of controls, through a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics, using Stata(TM) Version 12.0.Results: The majority of the study participants had a past history of GDM and had a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 25kg/m2. Most of the participants were graduates or post-graduates. The results of the stud...
Bio-Socio-demographic Risk factors of Gestational Diabetes: A Case Control Study
—India is second largest country to have people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in world. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has bad pregnancy outcomes so this present case control study was conducted on 50 pregnant women (ANCs) with GDM and 50 normal ANCs to assess the bio-socio-demographic risk factors of Gestational Diabetes. It was found that GDM was significantly associated with age, religion, residence and BMI of woman. GDM was found significantly more with increasing age and increasing BMI. ANCs residing in urban areas and belonging to Muslim religion were more pron to have GDM than their counter parts. Family history of diabetes also favors in occurrence of GDM. So clinicians should increase GDM screening at first ANC visit and prompt treatment is recommended to prevent complication. Early identification of woman at risk of GDM may prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity.
Galen Medical Journal, 2020
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents the most common metabolic complication during pregnancy. GDM is associated with maternal and fetal complications. Approximately 7% of all pregnancies are affected by GDM, resulting in more than 200,000 cases worldwide annually, and the prevalence may vary from 1% to 14% among all pregnancies. Accordingly, this study attempted to determine the prevalence and some risk factors of GDM. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at Boo-Ali hospital in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Four hundred non-diabetics pregnant women with a gestational age of 24-28 weeks who attended the Boo-Ali hospital outpatient department were included in our study. Demographic and anthropometric data including age, gravida, para, gestational age, family history of diabetes, history of GDM, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Blood samples were collected from the women at 24-28 weeks to diagnose GDM by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We measured the 25-OH-D level in participants at 24-28 weeks. Results: Among the 400 pregnant women, 46 (11.5%) had GDM based on OGTT, and the mean age of GDM women were 30.78± 5.96 years. Among selected variables, BMI ≥25kg/m2, family history, and GDM history were associated with increased risks of GDM (odds ratio=2.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-5.07;3.52, 95% CI 1.84-6.70; 19.57, and 95% CI 6.16-62.17, respectively). The association was more robust in the positive GDM history of women. Conclusion: High prevalence of GDM highlights more attention of health-care givers in screening pregnant women with risk factors. BMI as a modifiable risk factor for GDM needs more attention, and positive family history and previous GDM history should be considered in the core activities of pregnant women.
Galen Medical Journal, 2020
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents the most common metabolic complication during pregnancy. GDM is associated with maternal and fetal complications. Approximately 7% of all pregnancies are affected by GDM, resulting in more than 200,000 cases worldwide annually, and the prevalence may vary from 1% to 14% among all pregnancies. Accordingly, this study attempted to determine the prevalence and some risk factors of GDM. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at Boo-Ali hospital in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Four hundred non-diabetics pregnant women with a gestational age of 24-28 weeks who attended the Boo-Ali hospital outpatient department were included in our study. Demographic and anthropometric data including age, gravida, para, ges-tational age, family history of diabetes, history of GDM, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Blood samples were collected from the women at 24-28 weeks to diagnose GDM by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We measured the 25-OH-D level in participants at 24-28 weeks. Results: Among the 400 pregnant women, 46 (11.5%) had GDM based on OGTT, and the mean age of GDM women were 30.78± 5.96 years. Among selected variables, BMI ≥25kg/m2, family history, and GDM history were associated with increased risks of GDM (odds ratio=2.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-5.07;3.52, 95% CI 1.84-6.70; 19.57, and 95% CI 6.16-62.17, respectively). The association was more robust in the positive GDM history of women. Conclusion: High prevalence of GDM highlights more attention of health-care givers in screening pregnant women with risk factors. BMI as a modifiable risk factor for GDM needs more attention, and positive family history and previous GDM history should be considered in the core activities of pregnant women.