Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) and Trichoderma harzianum (Rifai) on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid White) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) (original) (raw)
Related papers
Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 2021
Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne badly affect crop production worldwide and cause huge yield losses. Among the known root-knot species, Meloidogyne incognita is by far the most destructive, widely distributed and the most dominant and prevalent. In the present study, the efficacy of a biological control agent, Trichoderma harzianum and an antagonistic plant, Azadirachta indica was tested against M. incognita on tomato. The antagonistic fungus and plant caused significant hatching inhibition and larval mortality of M. incognita. The hatching inhibition and mortality was the maximum at 100% concentrations of both the agents while the minimum inhibition and mortality was obtained at 25% concentration. No statistical difference was observed between T. harzianum and A. indica in causing hatching inhibition and larval mortality. Numbers of galls, egg masses and reproductive factor were reduced significantly as a result of A. indica and T. harzianum applications. The reductions in these parameters were more pronounced where both the agents were integrated and resulted to the maximum where both the agents were mixed at the highest concentrations. The reductions in galls, egg masses and reproductive factor were found inversely proportional to the concentrations of A. indica and T. harzianum. Similarly, all the concentrations of A. indica when integrated with T. harzianum increased plant height and fresh shoot weight significantly over control. The increase in these parameters was directly proportional to the concentrations of A. indica leaves and T. harzianum. A. indica amendments proved at par with those of T. harzianum. The maximum increases in these parameters were obtained where A. indica leaves were mixed at the rate of 50 g with 6 g of T. harzianum. The amendments also showed significant effects on root weight. The maximum decrease in root weight was observed where both A. indica and T. harzianum were mixed at the highest concentrations. The root weight decreased with an increase in concentration and was found inversely proportional. It is therefore, recommended that the integration of antagonistic plants with the antagonistic fungi may be useful for the better control of plant parasitic nematodes.
The anti-nematode activity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Mortierella alpina was studied against Meloidogy ne javanica. Treatment of eggs with T. longibrachiatum and M. alpina infected 89.3 and 90.3% eggs, respectively at 10 7 cfu/ml. The both fungi decreased hatching rate of eggs by 8.9% (T. longibrachiatum) and 5.7% (M. alpina). Otherwise, the culture filtrates of T. longibrachiatum and M. alpina caused mortality of M. javanica second stage juveniles (J ) with 64.5 and 54.3% after 72 h of exposures, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, all treatments reduced the disease severity and enhanced plant growth compared to untreated control. Both fungi reduced galls number/plant, number of egg masses/plant and the number of eggs/eggmass. Plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight/plant were significantly reduced because of infection with M. javanica, however the application of biocontrol agents recovered this reduction. Furthermore, they enhanced the growth parameters compared with the control. Our results proved that the application of different biocontrol agents not only has a toxic effect on M. javanica, but also enhances the plant growth, supplying many nutritional elements and induction the systemic resistance in plants. We demonstrated that application at a concentration of 10 6 or 10 7 cfu/ml to soil is needed for sufficient biocontrol of M. javanica by T. longibrachiatum and M. alpina.
Management of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in Tomato with Two Trichoderma Species
In the present studies comparative effectiveness of two antagonistic fungi viz. Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride were evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. The application of T. harzianum and T. viride significantly increased shoot weight and decreased root weight of tomato in a dose dependent manner. Doses of 8×10 3 and 1×10 4 cfu/g of soil showed maximum increase in shoot weight and decrease in root weight. On the other hand, both the antagonistic fungi caused significant reductions in number of galls, egg masses, eggs per egg mass and reproductive factors of M. incognita in a dose dependent manner. Both the fungi caused the maximum reductions in these parameters at two highest doses of 8×10 3 and 1×10 4 cfu/g of soil. The increases or reductions were slightly greater with T. harzianum than those with T. viride. It is, therefore, concluded from the present evaluation that the indigenous isolates of T. harzianum and T. viride have the potential to control M. incognita.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum against Meloidogyne incognita and decipher mechanisms of induced systemic resistance and disease suppression in tomato grown in net house conditions. The fungal biocontrol agent T. harzianum UBSTH-501 was evaluated against M. incognita on dual plate under in vitro conditions and in planta under nethouse conditions. The results of in vitro parasitism on dual plates showed that T. harzianum causing infection on the eggs and juveniles of root-knot nematode, whereas, in planta assay showed that plants treated with talc based bioformulation T. harzianum UBSTH-501 exhibited manifold increase in the accumulation of total chlorophyll and enzymes, viz. chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase which is known to confer systemic resistance in tomato against M. incognita resulting into decreased nematode population and disease severity. Results revealed that T. harzianum UBSTH-501modulated phenylpropanoid pathways led to enhanced accumulation of defence related mediator molecules and enzymes in tomato resulted in disease suppression to a significant extents.
Journal of the Plant Protection Society
Pot experiment was conducted to find out the competence of some commercial product of Trichoderma spp. on the management of root knot nematode in tomato crop. The experiment was conducted in RCBD having seven treatments of six different Trichoderma spp. including one control in three replications. Each treatment had five pots. Twenty five days old seedling of Shrijana hybrid tomato was transplanted and inoculated with 1500 eggs of Meloidogyne spp. in soil after five days of transplanting of tomato seedlings. The spore suspensions of different Trichoderma spp. adjusted to 1 × 106 spores/ml and also inoculated per pot with 30 ml after one week of nematode inoculation. The same concentration and amount of Trichoderma spores solution was again inoculated after one month from the date of first application. Sixty five days after transplanting, all tomato plants were uprooted and the number of galls in root, galling index and fresh root weight were determined based on a 0-10 scale. The res...
Applied Soil Ecology, 2012
The nematicidal potential of four commercial bioproducts containing the bio-agents Bacillus megaterium (Bioarc ®), Trichoderma album (Biozeid ®), Trichoderma harzianum (Plant Gard ®) and Ascophyllum nodosum (Algaefol ®) against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, infecting tomato, was assessed in a glasshouse. Their activity was compared with that of oxamyl or carbofuran. The effect of the treatments on the growth parameters of tomato plants was also examined. All treatments were significantly superior over the untreated check in reducing the root galls and J 2 of the nematode in the soil, except T. harzianum at 10 and 25 ml/kg soil against J 2 , which was equal to control treatment. Among the bioproducts, B. megaterium at 10 g/kg soil achieved the highest significant reduction in the number of root galling (89.20%) followed by T. album (87.77%), A. nodosum (86.96%) and T. harzianum (69.79%). The highest rate of the tested bioproducts gave the greatest reduction in galls and significantly higher than that of oxamyl or carbofuran. In addition, all the products found to be high efficient in reducing J 2 and caused more than 97% reduction in the soil. The efficacy of the tested bioproducts in reducing the root galls and J 2 in the soil increased in a dose dependent manner. Significant increases in shoot length occurred in A. nodosum (25 ml/kg) and T. album (20 g/kg) while T. harzianum (50 ml/kg) significantly decreased the shoot length and weight compared to the untreated inoculated plants. B. megaterium (10 and 20 g/kg) and T. album (5 and 10 g/kg) significantly increased shoot weight. All treatments did not significantly differ from those of untreated inoculated plants except A. nodosum (25 ml/kg) in the case of root length and B. megaterium and A. nodosum at all tested rates in the case of root weight. Generally, the results indicate that the tested microbial products could prove to be one component in integrated root-knot nematode management on tomatoes.
The suppressive effects of six species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against Meloidogyne incognita infected tomato were assessed in two separate trials under greenhouse conditions. The tested EPN species were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis, H. zealandica, Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and S. riobravae. In the first trial , EPNs were applied as a liquid suspension of alive or dead infective juveniles (IJs) at rate of 5000 IJs/plant in sandy and clay soils, while in the second trial, two Galleria mellonella infected cadavers of six-day old per plant were used in sandy soil. In the two experiments, application of EPNs was accomplished simultaneously with inoculation of M. incognita. Carbofuran as a standard synthetic nematicide was used as comparison treatment at recommended rate of 0.2 g/plant. Control treatments received only water and M. incognita at rate of1000 IJs/ plant. Two months after inoculation, galling (as indicated by number of galls/plant) and reproduction (as indicated by number of egg masses /plant) as well as damage (as indicated by fresh and dry weight of areal parts) were assessed. Data showed that, treatment of carbofuran surpassed all other treatments in minifying galling and reproduction of M. incognita in sandy and clay soils. On the other hand, curative applications of alive or heat-killed IJs significantly (P≤ 0.05) diminished gall formation and egg mass production in tomato roots with slightly amelioration in fresh and dry weight of tomato shoot. Steinernematid species were more comparatively effective than heterorhabditid ones. General means for number of galls and egg masses for steinernematid species were 52.50 and 25.33 with percent reduction of 55.45 and 64.49 %, respectively. Whereas, the parallel values for heterorhabditid species were 69.67 and 36.33 with percent reduction of 40.88 and 49.07%, respectively compared to treatment of M. incognita alone. Treatments of alive IJs overwhelmed those of dead IJs in decreasing number of galls (with percent reduction of 56.53 and 39.79% respectively) and egg masses (with percent reduction of 63.16 and 50.39 %, successively). Moreover, utilization of two G. mellonella infected cadavers markedly lowered number of galls and egg masses and insignificantly (P≤ 0.05) improved plant growth parameters to certain extent. General means of percentage reduction in galls and egg masses were 58.46 and 54.74%, consecutively.
Plants
Environmental concerns raised by synthetic nematicides are encouraging integrated management strategies based on their combination with non-chemical control tools, such as biocontrol agents and/or organic amendments. In this study, the combination of the fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) with a commercial formulation of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (TH) and an organic fertilizer (OF) was investigated in two consecutive tomato crops for its effect on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and plant growth and yield. The application of 1,3-D was only performed on the first crop, while TH and OF were provided to both crops. Almost all treatments significantly reduced nematode infestation in both crops, though the greatest nematicidal effect was caused by a combination of the three products. The treatment with 1,3-D limited its nematicidal efficacy to the first crop only. Fumigant integration with TH and OF also resulted in the greatest increases of plant growth a...
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2015
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different inoculum densities of two Saudi isolates of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride against Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Four densities (10 4 , 10 6 , 10 8 and 10 10 spores/g of soil) of each fungus were used. The results indicate that all four inoculum densities of the two Trichoderma species suppressed the nematode reproduction and root galling; and increased the growth of tomato plants, compared to controls. Efficacy of both fungi increased as their inoculum densities increased. Generally, efficacy of T. harzianum was better than that of T. viride, especially at the highest used density (10 10 spore/g soil) which resulted in the best control.