Analysis of Using FACTS Controllers with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage in the Primary Frequency Control of Power Systems (original) (raw)
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Latin American Applied Research, 2004
At present, the advance of technology makes possible to include new energy storage devices in the electric power system. In addition, with the aid of power electronics devices, it is possible to independently exchange active and reactive power with the utility grid. This allows to perform a more effective primary frequency control and also to reduce the reserve power of generators. In this article, a model is presented of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) used for controlling the primary frequency of the utility system. Moreover, a control algorithm for both devices is proposed. The performance of the presented STATCOM/SMES system is evaluated by using a test power system through the dynamic simulation in case of a tie-line tripping.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2007
Power systems security in the case of contingencies is ensured by maintaining adequate ''short-term generation reserve''. This reserve must be appropriately activated by means of the primary frequency control (PFC). Because the generation is an electro-mechanical process, the primary control reserve controllability is not as fast as required, especially by modern power systems. Since the new improvements achieved on the conventional control methods have not been enough to satisfy the high requirements established, the necessity of enhancing the performance of the PFC has arisen.
Abstract—The advent of Flexible AC Transmission Systems
The advent of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is giving rise to a new family of power electronic equipment emerging for controlling and optimizing the performance of power system, e.g. STATCOM. Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a commonly used FACTS device and has been successfully applied in power systems. In this sense, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) in integration with a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is capable of supplying power systems with both active and reactive powers simultaneously and very rapidly, and thus is able to enhance the security dramatically. In this paper the structure and characteristics of the STATCOM/SMES is proposed. In addition, using a proper control scheme, STATCOM/ SMES is tested on an IEEE 3-bus system and more effective performance of the presented STATCOM/SMES compensator is evaluated with alone STATCOM through the dynamic simulation by using PSCAD/EMTDC software.
International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems, 2021
The load change in a synchronous generator (SG) based power generation system is common which will mainly influence the change in voltage, power flows, frequency, load angle and burden of transmission lines and transformers due to change in current flow. The study which analyses the behavior of load change, compensating devices and its impact on change in frequency and real power flow is termed as load frequency control. The generators like Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), SG are supplying power in one area, and a total of two areas are considered in this paper. The load change is done in area-1 only and a change in frequency is observed in both areas. Two cases, one with thyristor-based controller capacitor storage phase shifters (TCPS) and the other with a superconducting magnetic storage system and hybrid models of such are done and in another case, Flexible AC Transmission devices such as TCPS, SSSC, UPFC and IPFC are used. Earlier authors have shown that compared to battery and ultracapacitors, superconductor magnetic energy storage system (SMES) plays a vital role and few authors observed frequency regulation with different FACTS devices. Hence, we extended with SMES and FACTS devices and also in a coordinated manner to observe which combination gives better performance for the same disturbance. Using MATLAB software, the frequency change is observed in both cases, in the first case, TCPS is found better and in the second case, IPFC is found better in compensating the frequency change.
Ieej Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2007
This paper presents adaptive neural control of a superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES) in a power system for improved load frequency control (LFC). The proposed scheme for SMES control is a new one, tackles the deficiencies in the existing SMES control schemes and is clear about its implementation aspects. The power conversion system (PCS) of SMES used in this paper comprises of a voltage source converter (VSC) and a two-quadrant chopper. The control in each control area is implemented through a neural estimator and a neural controller with both of them operating online. The neural estimator extracts the control area dynamics around an operating point, and the neural controller then generates the power command for the corresponding SMES unit on the basis of a newly introduced variable which is a function of area control error and the change in stored energy in the SMES coil. This feature leads to a suitable and pure adaptive control of SMES. Moreover, in this paper the supplementary controller associated with the automatic generation control (AGC) is made to act on the area control error, with a modified gain setting, which is obtained by the integral square error (ISE) criterion. Simulation studies based on MATLAB are presented on a two-area power system after carrying out the necessary modeling exercise.
2004
Power systems security in case of contingencies is ensured by maintaining adequate "short-term generation reserve". This reserve must be appropriately activated by means of the primary frequency control (PFC). Nowadays, the new energy storage systems (ESS) are a feasible alternative to store exceeding energy for substituting the primary control reserve. In this way, it is feasible to combine this new ESS with power converter-based FACTS controllers. This allows an effective exchange of active power with the electric grid and thus enhancing the PFC. The current article presents the detailed models of power converter-based FACTS controllers with shunt and series connection to the utility system, i.e. static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) and static synchronous series compensators (SSSCs), both combined with SMES coils. Moreover, a three-level control scheme for these integrated systems is proposed and a comparative evaluation of performance of both controllers in the PFC is carried out.
2014
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES) includes a high inductance coil acting as a constant source of current. When a SMES is connected to a power system, it has the ability to absorb both active and reactive power from the power system and it is capable to inject these powers into this system when they are needed. While the SMES coil is discharging power into the system, this injected power is controlled by changing the duty cycle of the dc-dc chopper switches and its operation modes. SMES is always associated with power conversion system consisting of two identical converters. These converters are connected by a dc link capacitor and are used in the system to change between the alternative and the direct current, which is primarily required for the SMES unit task. This paper presents an efficient system based on the SMES unit to improve the transient stability by regulating the dc link voltage during the fluctuations in voltage or frequency after disturbances in a power system or at any rapid changes in the load size. The behavior of the system is tested with three faults/events in the power system, at the power supply, and at the loads side. The transient behavior of the designed system is observed with and without the SMES unit. The results show that the SMES system increases voltage stability across the dc link significantly whenever voltage and frequency in power supply are oscillating and rapid changes in the loads and disturbances in generation system occur.
Primary frequency control of multi-machine power systems with STATCOM-SMES: A case study
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013
Primary frequency control (PFC) has the ability to regulate short period random variations of frequency during normal operation conditions and response to emergency rapidly. However, in the last decade, many large blackouts happened worldwide that led to serious economic losses. It allows concluding that the ability of current PFC to meet an emergency is poor, and security of power system (PS) should be improved. An alternative to effectively enhance the PFC and thus the PS security is to store exceeding energy during off-peak load periods in efficient energy storage systems (ESSs) for substituting the primary control reserve. In this sense, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) in combination with a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) are capable of supplying power systems with both active and reactive powers simultaneously and very fast, and thus to enhance the system security dramatically. In this paper, a new concept of PFC based on incorporating a STATCOM coupled with a SMES device is presented. A full detailed model of the integrated STATCOM-SMES is proposed, including a pseudo 48-pulse voltage source inverter (VSI) and a two-quadrant three-level dc-dc converter as interface with the SMES. In addition, a dynamic equivalent model of the STATCOM-SMES for multi-machine power system studies is presented. The proposed simplified modeling is developed using the state-space averaging technique and is implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the phasor simulation method. Moreover, a three-level control scheme is designed, including a full decoupled current control strategy in the d-q reference frame with a novel controller to prevent the STATCOM dc bus capacitors voltage imbalance and an enhanced power system frequency controller.
Abstract At present, the advance of technology makes possible to include new energy storage devices in the electric power system. These energy storage systems can be incorporated into power electronic devices based on Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) using switching power converters. This combined system permit to independently exchange active and reactive power with the utility grid. In this way, a very effective primary frequency control can be carried out, which allows to reduce the generation reserve. This article proposes a multi-level control algorithm for a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) combined with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) used for controlling the frequency of the power system. This multi-level control configuration allows dividing a complex control system into three comparative simpler subsystems, which are easier to design. A detailed model of the Static Synchronous Compensator with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage system is also presented. Dynamic systems simulation is used to study the performance of the proposed controls and models.
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of a STATCOM/SMES Compensator in Power Systems
2014
The advent of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is giving rise to a new family of power electronic equipment emerging for controlling and optimizing the performance of power system, e.g. STATCOM. Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a commonly used FACTS device and has been successfully applied in power systems. In this sense, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) in integration with a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is capable of supplying power systems with both active and reactive powers simultaneously and very rapidly, and thus is able to enhance the security dramatically. In this paper the structure and characteristics of the STATCOM/SMES is proposed. In addition, using a proper control scheme, STATCOM/ SMES is tested on an IEEE 3-bus system and more effective performance of the presented STATCOM/SMES compensator is evaluated with alone STATCOM through the dynamic simulation by using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Keywords—STATCOM/SMES, Oscillation Dampin...