Flavonoid glycosides of Pteridaceae from Brazil (original) (raw)
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Phytochemical Studies in Pteridophytes Growing in Brazil: A Review
Some 13,600 species of pteridophytes are known all around the world. Brazil, with about 1,300 species is considered as one of the centers of endemism and speciation of the South American continent. Notwithstanding this amazing biodiversity, very few phytochemical studies have been reported. The present study intends to review phytochemical investigations in pteridophytes growing in Brazil. We found 78 phytochemical studies carried out on 60 species and two varieties. Biological activity was the principal focus of published works (56 papers), the second most studied theme was molecular identification (with 21 publications) and then chemical ecology with 12 papers. The most addressed species was Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon (42 papers).
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN FIVE PTERIS SPECIES
Objectives: The objective of the present study was to find out the presence of phytochemicals in the methanol extracts of five ferns in Pteridaceae family such as Pteris argyreae T. Moore, Pteris confusa T.G. Walker, Pteris vittata L., Pteris biaurita L., and Pteris multiaurita Ag., by both qualitative and quantitative screening methods.
A survey of leaf flavonoids in the portulacaceae
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1986
A survey of 26 species in 12 genera of the Portulacaceae showed the presence of flavonoids in 24, and their absence in two, Hectorella caespitosa Hooker fil. and Lyallia kerguelensis Hooker ill. Of the 24 positive species, 16 are reported for the first time. In all 24 however, flavonols and flavones did not occur together suggesting that this dichotomy might be useful for classification at and below the generic level in the Portulacaceae, e.g. the genera Silvaea Philippi (syn. Philippiamara Kuntze), Ceraria Pearson & Stephens and PortulacarJa Jacquin which were previously grouped together on palynological characteristics have now been shown to differ in their leaf flavonoids, subsidiary cells of the stomata and geographical location: Silvaea possesses flavones and is endemic to South America, while Ceraria and Portulacaria possess flavonols and are endemic to Africa. The dichotomy also occurs below the generic level. In Calandrinia H.B.K. and Portulaca L. the dichotomy amongst their species is supported by other new taxonomic characters from cytology, palynology, pubescence of surfaces, type of subsidiary cells surrounding the leaf stomata and seed morphology recently elucidated by the author.
Leaf flavonoid patterns in Dipterocarpus and Hopea (Dipterocarpaceae)
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003
In a flavonoid survey of five species (D. alatus Roxb. & G.Don, D. costatus Gaertn. f., D. gracilis Blume, D. turbinatus Gaertn. f. and Hopea odorata Roxb .) of Dipterocarpaceae from Bangladesh, three flavonoid aglycones and two glycosides were isolated. The flavonol kaempferol was detected in 40% of the total species surveyed, while the flavonol quercetin and flavone apigenin were present in all species examined, establishing their chemotaxonomic significance. Proanthocyanidins were found only in three species (D. alatus , D. gracilis , D. turbinatus), while the glycosides quercetin 3-glucoside and quercetin 3-rutinoside were isolated in 40% and 60% of the species surveyed, respectively. The flavonoid patterns of H. odorata and D. costatus are advanced in comparison to those of D. alatus , D. gracilis and D. turbinatus due to the loss of proanthocyanidin.
Distribution of exudate flavonoids in the genus Plectranthus
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2010
Thirty-four species of the genus Plectranthus (including species of the former genera Coleus and Solenostemon, fam. Lamiaceae) were surveyed for exudate flavonoids to see whether the distribution of these compounds would support a recent classification of the genus based on molecular and morphological characters. In this classification two major groups had been identified, the Coleus and Plectranthus clades. Only about 40% of the species, predominantly from the Plectranthus clade, were found to produce exudate flavonoids, which were mainly flavones. Flavanones were restricted to five species of the Plectranthus clade, whereas flavonols were only found in two species of the Coleus clade, Plectranthus montanus Benth. (synonyms Plectranthus marrubioides Hochst. ex Benth. and Plectranthus cylindraceus Hochst. ex Benth.) and Plectranthus pseudomarrubioides R.H.Willemse. Four of these flavonols were isolated from P. montanus and identified by NMR spectroscopy as the 3,7-dimethyl ether and 3,7,4 0 -trimethyl ether of quercetin and the 3,6,7-trimethyl ether and 3,6,7,4 0 -tetramethyl ether of quercetagetin. The remaining flavonols and flavones were identified by HPLC-UV and LC-MS of crude extracts on the basis of their UV and mass spectra, retention times and comparison with standards. Most flavonols were 3-methyl ethers and many of the flavones and flavonols were oxygenated at the 6-position. The most common flavones, occurring in both clades, were cirsimaritin and salvigenin, which are methoxylated at the 6-and 7-positions. 6-Hydroxylated flavones such as scutellarein and ladanein were restricted to species of the Plectranthus clade.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SOME PTERIDOPHYTES FROM DISTRICT SHOPIAN (J & K
Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to ascertain the presence of different phytoconstitutents in the water, methanol, ethanol and acetone extracts of 34 species of pteridophytes by qualitative screening methods. Methods: The plant extracts were evaluated for the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, resins, saponins, phenolic compounds and tannins phlobatannins and volatile oils following standard methods. Results: The analyses indicated that 34 (100%) species contained carbohydrates and proteins and free amino acids, 27 (79.41%) flavonoids, 26 (76.47%) phenolic compounds and tannins, 24 (70.58%) glycosides, 23 (67.64%) terpenoids, 22 (64.70%) saponins, 18 (52.94%) volatile oils, 15 (44.11%) alkaloids, 12 (35.29%) phlobatannins and only 3 (8.82%) species tested positive for resins. Conclusion: The results revealed the occurrence of several bioactive constituents which could be exploited for their potential applications for medicinal purposes. Among the solvents, water and ethanol revealed maximum number of phytochemicals than methanol and acetone.
A Review on Ethno-Medicinally Important Species of Pteridophytes
Pteridophyta (pteron = feather, phyton = plants), General named as 'vascular cryptogams,' and found most primitive vascular angiospermic plants. Pteridophytes are known the oldest vascular plant creature on earth and constitute major group of vascular plants. Pteridophytes position known as intermediate between the lower plants and higher plants has made the whole group interesting for research & study. Pteridophytes group have a long connection on our planet and were known as far back as 380 million years ago. Pteridophytes also known for their medicinal value for more than 2000 years, (Parihar and Parihar, 2006). The Greek botanist Theophrastus (327-287 B.C.) had already referred to the ethnomedicinal value of ferns in one of his books. Dioscorides (50 AD) also added in his "De material medica" to a number of ferns including The bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and the male fern (Dryopteris filix-mas (L) schott) as having medicinal value. In ancient Indian medicine several ferns were in use, Sushruta (100 AD) and charaka (100 AD) recommended the medicinal use of some pteridophytes i.e. Marsilea minuta Linn. and Adiantum capillusveneris Linn. in their Samhitas (Chandra, 2000). Review These plants are distinct in having alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenoids, with many primary and secondary metabolites and these organic constituents utilized in preparation of medicine. Formulations of pteridophytic plants are also reported as stimulants, appetizer, aphrodisiac, as well supplement. However, certain pteridophyte species are reported used for the
Leaf flavonoid chemistry and the relationships of theLactoridaceae
Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1986
Leaves of the monotypic angiosperm family Lactoridaceae exhibit flavonoid constituents consisting of six 3-0-diglycosides of the flavonols kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The presence of flavonols is concordant with the placement of Lactoridaceae among the "archaic" or "primitive" flowering plants. Flavonoid chemistry is less informative on the relationships of the family within the primitive dicots. The presence of isorhamnetin suggests closer affinities with families in the Laurales, particularly the Gomortegaceae and Monimiaceae. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of morphological features place the Lactoridaceae near several families in the Magnoliales.
Leaf flavonoid aglycone patterns in the species of Dipterocarpaceae in Sri Lanka
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2004
A flavonoid aglycone survey was carried out on 46 taxa of the family Dipterocarpaceae belonging to the genera Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea, Stemonoporus, Vateria and Vatica. After acid hydrolysis the main aglycones found were the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, and the flavone apigenin. The flavone luteolin was present in all the species of the genus Shorea and was absent in the rest of the species of the family, giving a chemotaxonomic significance to its presence. The flavonol myricetin was detected in only three species of Shorea, S. affinis, S. trapezifolia, and S. gardneri. Proanthocyanidins were only found in 13 species of Shorea and two species of Dipterocarpus. These two genera can be regarded as the most primitive with respect to the flavonoid patterns and the other five genera have more advanced patterns, recognizing Stemonoporus as the most advanced. The aglycone results do not completely agree with the existing classifications, and suggests the need for a revision of the species and sectional levels in the family Dipterocarpaceae in Sri Lanka.
Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2013
A rapid reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and applied for simultaneous separation, and determination of flavonoids and phenolic acids in eight Plantago L. taxa (P. altissima L., P. argentea Chaix, P. coronopus L., P. holosteum Scop. ssp. depauperata Pilger, P. holosteum ssp. holosteum, P. holosteum ssp. scopulorum (Degen) Horvatic¤ , P. lagopus L., and P. maritima L.) growing in Croatia. Chromatographic separation was carried out on Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 using gradient elution with a H 2 O (pH 2.5, adjusted with CF 3 COOH) and MeCN mixture at 308. The contents of analyzed phenolic compounds (% of the dry weight of the leaves, dw) varied among examined species: rutin (max. 0.024%, P. argentea), hyperoside (max. 0.020%, P. lagopus), quercitrin (max. 0.013%, P. holosteum ssp. holosteum), quercetin (max. 0.028%, P. holosteum ssp. scopulorum), chlorogenic acid (max. 0.115%, P. lagopus), and caffeic acid (max. 0.046%, P. coronopus). Isoquercitrin was detected only in P. argentea (0.020%), while isochlorogenic acid content was below limit of quantification in all investigated species. Multivariate analyses (UPGMA and PCA) showed significant differences in contents of investigated polyphenolic compounds between different Plantago taxa. Accordingly, investigated substances might be employed as chemotaxonomic markers in the study of the complex genus Plantago.