Pharmacokinetic study of oxytetracycline in fish. I. Absorption, distribution and accumulation in rainbow trout in freshwater (original) (raw)
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Aquaculture Research, 1999
Oxytetracycline (OTC), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is used widely to treat bacterial diseases in farmed ®sh. In the present study, the time course of OTC concentrations in freshwater rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and seawater chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), were compared, tissue by tissue, after receiving a bolus dose of the antibiotic (5 mg kg ±1 or 50 mg kg ±1 ) intraarterially (i.a.). The OTC concentration±time pro®les of rainbow trout tissues were found to be very similar to those of the corresponding tissues in chinook salmon. Therefore, neither water salinity nor ®sh species seemed to play an important role in the disposition and elimination of OTC in these salmonids. In a separate experiment, rainbow trout were implanted surgically with a urinary cannula and received a single dose of OTC (50 mg kg ±1 ) i.a. Urine was collected from the cannula daily for 13 days. The amount of OTC excreted into the bile was found to be larger than that eliminated by the urine. These results show the similarity of OTC pharmacokinetics in freshwater rainbow trout and seawater chinook salmon and render support in using a single ®sh species to study the pharmacokinetics of a drug for other species in the same taxon.
This is the first study to investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters of oxytetracycline (OTC) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Following a single intravascular injection of OTC (40 mg/kg) in 100 g fish kept at 20 jC, the distribution half-life (t 1/2a ) and the elimination half-life (t 1/2b ) of OTC were found to be long (2 and 53 h, respectively). The drug was well distributed throughout the internal body compartments since the apparent volume of distribution of the drug at steady-state (V d(ss) ) and the apparent volume of distribution by the area method (V d(area) ) were found to be high (2.9 and 3.8 l/kg, respectively). OTC had a long mean residence time (MRT) (56 h) but a short total clearance (CL T ) (0.05 l/kg h). The slow elimination of the drug suggests a need for long withdrawal periods prior to use of dosed fish for human consumption. Although the bioavailability ( F%) of OTC following oral administration in aqueous suspension (75 mg/kg) was calculated to be low (9%), maximum OTC plasma concentration was relatively high (2.5 Ag/ml), indicating that current therapeutic regimens applied to gilthead sea bream might be effective against bacterial pathogens. D
The Analysis of Oxytetracycline Residue in Tissues of Cultured Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)
Health Scope, 2017
Background: Oxytetracycline (OTC) is commonly used in aquaculture industry and has high potency against bacterial diseases. Objectives: The present study aimed at examining the rate of oxytetracycline (OTC) antibiotic residue in the tissues of cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Methods: Samples were taken randomly from the livers and fillets of 45 rainbow trout from 15 large aquaculture ponds in Hamadan province, West of Iran. The OTC residue was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data analysis was performed with SPSS (V.18) (mean and standard deviation), and Man-Whitney test was employed for statistical analysis. Results: The results revealed that OTC residue were 389 to 641 ppb in the livers and 175 to 295 ppb in the fillets, respectively. However, in 86.66% of the samples (liver and fillet) the amounts of OTC residue was found to be higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in codex alimentarius commission, and 13.33% of the samples (liver and fillet) were within the standard range. Analysis of input and output data using Man-Whitney test showed significant differences in liver and fillet (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This research determined that the use of OTC must be reduced to an acceptable level in aquaculture industry. Also, antibiotic residue in rainbow trout must be controlled before their delivery to the market.
Aquaculture, 1996
Tissue distribution and residue depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) following oral administration were evaluated in sea bream and sea bass under field conditions. Fish were held in floating cages placed in sea water and fed a commercial medicated diet containing 7.5 g/kg of OTC once daily for 14 days at a rate of 1.0% (75 mg a.i./kg) biomass per day. Muscle, liver, vertebrae, and skin with scales were sampled from fishes netted at different intervals during (2"d, 4rh, 6rh,10th, and 14th day) and after treatment (lOth, 20th, 30th, 401h, .50th, and 60th day). OTC analyses were carried out by HPLC, after SPE extraction. In sea bream, a great variation in drug intake was evident from the inter-subject differences in OTC tissue concentrations. The highest recorded concentrations were in skin and pooled liver (7.70 + 6.71 pg/g and 14.65 kg/g at the 6rh day, respectively). Vertebrae showed concentrations even six-fold higher than those in muscle, and reached steady state concentrations at the 40th day after the end of treatment (1.73 + 0.92 p,g/g), lasting until the end of the study. OTC concentrations in muscle were lower than in all the other tissues throughout the entire experiment and declined under 0.1 p,g/g 20 days after treatment ceased. In sea bass a high mortality not related to infectious diseases was observed and muscle samples had only traces or no detectable OTC levels even during medication.
The Analyst, 1994
Oxytetracycline is an antibacterial agent widely used in fish farming. The normal method of administration of oxytetracycline to the fish is to mix the drug into the feed. As a consequence, the concentration of the drug in feed, together with the preparation and the composition of feed, can influence the disposition of the drug itself. An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the residue depletion of oxytetracycline from muscle tissue of channel catfish (Zctalurus punctatus) fed different medicated diets. Three hundred channel catfish were randomly divided into six tanks (50 fish per tank), maintained at water temperatures of 18 "C (three tanks) and 23 "C (three tanks). The animals were fed with three diets, differing in their energy content and composition, for the duration of the experiment oxytetracycline was added to the diets at a level of 7500 mg kg-1 for 7 d. After cessation of the treatment, five fish from each tank were killed and 40. Oxytetracycline residues in muscle tissue were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results indicate that the energy level and chemical composition of the medicated diets administered to channel catfish influence oxytetracycline disposition in fish, and that temperature is an important factor in conditioning the reported dietary effects. Therefore, formulation of specific diets to administer drugs to farmed fish could assure better bioavailability of the chemotherapeutant and shorter withdrawal times.
Aquaculture, 2003
The present study examined the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oxytetracycline (OTC) in vannamei shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) after intra-sinus (10 mg/kg) and oral (10 and 50 mg/kg) administration and also investigated the net changes of OTC residues in the shrimp after the thermal, acid and alkaline processing methods. The hemolymph concentrations of OTC after intra-sinus dosing were best described by a twocompartment open model. The oral bioavailability was found to be 48.2 and 43.6% at doses of 10 and 50 mg OTC/kg, respectively. The peak hemolymph concentrations after 10 and 50 mg OTC/kg doses were 3.37 and 17.4 lg/ml; the times to peak hemolymph concentrations were 7 and 10 h. The elimination half-lives were found to be 15.0 and 11.5 h for the low and high dose, respectively. The residual OTC was rapidly eliminated from muscle with the elimination half-life value of 19.4 and 15.4 h, respectively, for the groups treated with doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg. The residual OTC levels in the muscle fell below the MRL (0.2 lg/g) at 72 and 96-h post-dosing at dose levels of 10 or 50 mg/kg, respectively. Residual OTC levels in muscle and shell were approximately 20-50% lower in the thermal treatment such as boiling, baking and frying. By the acid treatment, OTC residues were reduced to [80%, while those were reduced to around 30% by alkaline treatment.
One-step liquid chromatographic method for the determination of oxytetracycline in fish muscle
Journal of Chromatography B, 2004
A one-step simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of oxytetracycline (OTC) in fish tissue. The method involves liquid extraction of muscle tissue, precipitation of proteins and reversed phase HPLC analysis with spectrophotometric detection. The limit of quantitation of OTC in spiked fish muscle was 0.04 g/g and the method showed high linearity (r 2 = >0.999) in the working range of 0.04-2 g/g. The precision (%R.S.D.) was between 1.9 and 7.5% for the concentration range 0.04-1.0 g/g and there was no significant difference between the concentrations determined on three different test days for all four spiked concentrations. The percentage recovery over the spiked concentration range 0.04-1.0 g/g was consistently within a narrow range of 33-35%. While the method had the advantage of high precision, sensitivity and linearity, the method's additional salient advantages included high sample through-put (60 individual preparations per day) and minimum amount of consumables, time and labour required to perform the analysis. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study.
Poor bioavailability of oxytetracycline in sharpsnout sea bream Diplodus puntazzo (2004)
The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) were investigated following single intravascular injection (40 mg/kg) in sharpsnout sea bream (90 g) at 19 jC. The distribution half-life (t 1/2a ) and the elimination half-life (t 1/2b ) of OTC were calculated to be 1.4 and 35 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution of the drug at steady-state (V d(ss) ) was found to be 4 l/kg. The total clearance rate (CL T ) of the drug was low (0.08 l/kg h). Repeated attempts to investigate the bioavailability of OTC following oral administration (75 mg/kg; forced-fed or via the feed), revealed undetectable levels of the drug in plasma and muscle samples. Poor tissue absorption is likely due to significant hepatic metabolism of OTC in sharpsnout sea bream, but this requires further investigation. Thus, oral administration of OTC in farmed sharpsnout sea bream should be discouraged in favour of other routes of administration or other antibiotic drugs. D
Poor bioavailability of oxytetracycline in sharpsnout sea bream Diplodus puntazzo
Aquaculture, 2004
The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) were investigated following single intravascular injection (40 mg/kg) in sharpsnout sea bream (90 g) at 19 jC. The distribution half-life (t 1/2a) and the elimination half-life (t 1/2b) of OTC were calculated to be 1.4 and 35 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution of the drug at steady-state (V d(ss)) was found to be 4 l/kg. The total clearance rate (CL T) of the drug was low (0.08 l/kg h). Repeated attempts to investigate the bioavailability of OTC following oral administration (75 mg/kg; forced-fed or via the feed), revealed undetectable levels of the drug in plasma and muscle samples. Poor tissue absorption is likely due to significant hepatic metabolism of OTC in sharpsnout sea bream, but this requires further investigation. Thus, oral administration of OTC in farmed sharpsnout sea bream should be discouraged in favour of other routes of administration or other antibiotic drugs.