In Situ Transesterification of Spirulina Microalgae to Produce Biodiesel Using Microwave Irradiation (original) (raw)
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2017
Demands for alternative fuels such as biodiesel are increasing because of decreasing of fossil fuel sources and its environmental concerns. However, the resulting biodiesel plant origin safflower, canola, peanut oil, etc. at the same time hold an important place in the food sector, the biodiesel production is the most important limiting factor. One of the most important vegetable oil sources is microalgae oil, because of high oil content of the seeds such as 31-68%. The yield of transesterification reaction is too high because microalgae oil can be dissolved in alcohol easily. In this study, parametric experiments were done using microwave heating system in order to obtain biodiesel by transesterification reaction of microalgae oil using KOH as a catalyst. Effect of catalyst ratio, reaction temperature and time on transesterification of microalgae oil were investigated. Microwave assisted transesterification of cottonseed oil under the conditions of 1.5% catalyst-oil ratio, 60 o C t...
Biodiesel Production from Dry Microalga Biomass by Microwave-Assisted In-Situ Transesterification
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
Microalga is one of the potential feedstocks in the manufacture of biodiesel because it contains high oil content. In this study, Chlorella sp. was selected because its high oil content about 28-32% of oil (based on its dry weight) and its presence is abundant among other green algae. In situ transesterification was carried out in round neck flask under microwave irradiation. Microwave irradiation can facilitate the in situ transesterification by extracted the lipid of microalga and simultaneous convert to FAME. The purposes of this study are to investigate the effect of acid catalyst concentration, microwave power, reaction time and the addition of co-solvent (n-hexane) on the yield of biodiesel, to get optimum operating conditions and to know the fatty acid compounds of biodiesel from Chlorella sp. The results of oil extraction and biodiesel were analyzed by GC-MS analysis. Based on the experiment, the yield of microalga oil was 11.37%. The optimum yield of biodiesel by in-situ tr...
Bioresource Technology, 2011
The effect of microwave irradiation on the simultaneous extraction and transesterification (in situ transesterifcation) of dry algal biomass to biodiesel was investigated. A high degree of oil/lipid extraction from dry algal biomass and an efficient conversion of the oils/lipids to biodiesel were demonstrated in a set of well-designed experimental runs. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the influence of the process variables (dry algae to methanol (wt/vol) ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time) on the fatty acid methyl ester conversion. Based on the experimental results and RSM analysis, the optimal conditions for this process were determined as: dry algae to methanol (wt/vol) ratio of around 1:12, catalyst concentration about 2 wt.%, and reaction time of 4 min. The algal biodiesel samples were analyzed with GC-MS and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the algal biomass samples before and after the extraction/transesterification reaction are also presented.
2018
− In-situ transesterification of microalgae lipids using microwave irradiation has potential to simplify and accelerate biodiesel production, as it minimizes production cost and reaction time by direct transesterification of microalgae into biodiesel with microwave as a heating source. This study was conducted to research the effect of microwave irradiation with in-situ transesterification of microalgae under base catalyst condition. The process variables (reaction time, solvent ratio, microwave power) were studied using 2% of catalyst concentration. The maximum yield of FAME was obtained at about 32.18% at the reaction time of 30 min with biomass-methanol ratio 1:12 (w/v) and microwave power of 450 W. The GC MS analysis obtained that the main component of FAME from microalgal oils (or lipids) was palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. The results show that microwaves can be used as a heating source to synthesize biodiesel from microalgae in terms of major components resulting.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
Microalgae is one of the potential raw materials in producing the third generation biodiesel thanks to its high lipid contents and the fact that it requires relatively small space for cultivation. Microalgae in the form of Chlorella sp. was used as a raw material in this study due to its high oil content, i.e. up to 30% of the dry algae weight. The use of microwave irradiation in this process would accelerate the in-situ trans-esterification reaction by extracting microalgae lipids and simultaneously converting them into Methyl-Esters. This study aims to investigate the methyl ester production through the in-situ trans-esterification process by studying the effect of acid catalyst concentration (0.2-0.5 mol/L), microwave power (300-600 W) and reaction time (30-90 minutes). The experiment was carried out in a 500 ml flat bottom flask made of pyrex, under the influence of microwave irradiation in which homogeneous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was introduced as a catalyst. The experiment was carried out in atmospheric pressure with the following operating variables: catalyst concentration, microwave power and reaction time, respectively. Prior to running the experiment, the response surface methodology using Box Behnken Design (3 factors and 2 levels) was conducted beforehand in order to minimize the number of runs. It is suggested from the analysis that the optimum conditions for the in-situ microwave-assisted trans-esterification of Chlorella sp. with sulfuric acid catalyst are as follows: microwave power (370 W), concentration of catalyst (0.2 mol/L), and trans-esterification time (82.7 min) with yield of 63.36 %. The predicted yield values generated from the response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design exhibit a high degree of confirmation with the actual yield from the experiment, suggesting that the optimization methodology carried out has made the experiment more effective and efficient by focusing only on certain specific parameters in order to get the best results, in terms of both quality and quantity.
American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2018
Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel made from renewable sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats, is becoming prominent among alternatives to conventional petro-diesel due to economic, environmental and social factors. Transesterification is the most preferred method of biodiesel production. Knowledge of transesterification reaction kinetic enables prediction of the extent of the chemical reaction at any time under particular conditions. It is also essential in the design of reactors for biodiesel production in industrial scale, determination of kinetic model and optimization of operation conditions. In this study, a mathematical model for the microwave assisted trans-esterification reaction of microalgae and methanol has been developed to study the effect of the operating parameters on the process kinetics. A well-mixed microwave reactor was used to express the laboratory scale microwave reactor at stirring speed 500 rpm. Mass transfer controlled state was assumed to be minimal using the stirring condition. The model developed was based on experimental data described in a previous study. The experimental works were designed to study the effect of reaction time between 1-5 min; power of microwave of 100-400 W, and an amount of CaO catalyst of 1 and 3%. The use of a solid catalyst effectively reduces the purification cost of biodiesel due to ease of separation and potential for reuse. The molar ratio of microalgae oil and methanol was constant at the ratio of 1: 6. The validation of model indicated that the reaction have second order reaction in terms of triglycerides. A very good correlation between model and experiment data was observed by correlation coefficient (R 2) and least square curve fit. In addition, the experiment shows that the best conditions for reaction time were 5 min, power of microwave was 400 W and amount of CaO catalyst was 3%. The maximum yield of biodiesel in the best conditions was 93.23%.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Aim of this research are to study and develop research related to the potential of Chlorella sp. into biodiesel with the help of microwaves in-situ transesterification by characterizing parameters such as microwave power (300; 450; 600 W) and reaction time (10; 30; 50 minutes) with catalyst concentration of KOH and molar ratio of microalga : methanol are 2% and 1:12 respectively and optimized by response surface methodology with Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD). The study was carried out by dissolving the catalyst into methanol according to the variable which was then put into a reactor containing microalgae powder in the microwave and turned on according to the predetermined variable. After the reaction process is complete, the mixture is filtered and resuspended with methanol for 10 minutes to remove the remaining FAME and then the obtained filtrate is cooled. Water is added to the filtrate solution to facilitate the separation of hydrophilic components before being ...
Microwave-Enhanced In Situ Transesterification of Algal Biomass to Biodiesel
Microwave-enhanced in situ transesterification for algal biodiesel production can be considered as a green process and a preferred method as it increases reaction rates, reduces energy consumption and extractivetransesterification time, and produces a significant yield of product with less by-product formation. This process enables simultaneous extraction of lipids from algal biomass and efficiently transesterifies them into crude biodiesel. In this chapter, emphasis on the optimization of microwave-enhanced methods for algal biodiesel is presented with catalytic and non-catalytic approaches. The influence of process parameters on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields under microwave "controlled power" and "controlled temperature" conditions is discussed. A response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to design the experiments and optimizes the process parameters . A novel integrated non-catalytic approach for direct conversion of algal biomass to fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) under microwave-mediated supercritical ethanol (SCE) conditions is demonstrated. The reaction mechanism, experimental protocol, statistical analysis and experimental design, energy consumption of these presented processes are discussed in detail. This simple in situ microwave-enhanced transesterification process has the potential to provide an energyefficient and cost effective route for sustainable algal biodiesel production.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Acid catalyzed In situ transestrification under microwave irradiation is one of method for producing biodiesel from microalgae which is an alternative to replace fossil fuel energy. The present study investigated the the effect of microwave irradiation on the acid catalyzed in situ transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris into fatty acid methyl ester. In situ transesterification carried out using sulfuric acid catalyst with different variables such as catalyst concentration, reaction time, biomass to methanol (wt/vol) ratio and microwave power. Based on the experiment results, the optimal yield was 31,56% with reaction time was 70 minutes. From GC-MS analysis obtained that Chlorella vulgaris methyl ester profile is a medium chain fatty acid, MCFA which consist of Saturated Fatty Acid (SAFAs), Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFAs) and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFAs).
Biodiesel Production from Microalgae with Trans-esterification Method Using Microwave
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Microalgae has a highly potential to be biodiesel fuel due to its high lipid content. The research used Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae refer to high lipid content (approximately 68%). The objectives of this research are to study edible oil extraction process from Nannochloropsis oculata, to study the effect of microwave on biodiesel yield using KOH catalyst, time reaction as well as catalyst percentage. The trans-esterification process was carried out on microwave with lipid molar-methanol comparison of 1:10, microwave power, reaction time and catalyst composition were also varied. It was found that the addition of co-solvent (addition n-hexane) seems to give the best result in terms of yield, i.e. 54.19%, which was obtained at a 600-watt microwave power, reaction time of 40 min, and 2.5% catalyst concentration. The fatty acid consists of several major constituents, such as palmitic acid 84.81%, oleic acid 12.41% stearic acid 1.87% and linoleat 0.88%. It can be concluded from th...