Qualitative Characterization of Phytochemicals present in the Bark from some selected tree species (original) (raw)
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The Phytochemical and Structural Make-Up of Regrown and Original Tree Barks Used in Ethnomedicine
The increasing consumption of Phytomedicine in Nigeria has led to a continuous use of plant parts. There is therefore an uncontrolled harvesting of plant parts from the wild. There are many trees showing various degrees of debarking while some regrown barks were equally re-debarked. The pattern of debarking and regrowth and its implication on the quality of tree barks in phytomedicine and the danger it poses has not yet been evaluated. This study was therefore, undertaken to compare the phytochemical and structural make-up of both the initial and regrown tree barks of some plant species that were frequently debarked for various phytomedicinal purposes following standard methods. The primary formed bark and regrown bark screened for phytochemicals viz., alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, saponins, steroids, terpenes, coumarins, mucilage and combined anthracene derivatives showed the presence of these phytochemicals at various degrees for a particular bark type and plant species. Among the studied plants, there was none of the primary formed and regrown barks that had the same set of phytochemicals. Difference were observed in the type of phytochemical present in the bark type. Khaya senegalensis had the most varied phytochemicals in the original and regrown barks, followed by Alstonia boonei while Mangifera indica had the least. It was however, observed that tannin was present in all the tree bark categories tested while cyanogenic derivatives were absent in all the bark samples. It was noted that the presence of some phytochemicals found in some original barks were absent in the regrown. In the least, a few secondary metabolites found absent in the original barks, were present in the regrown tree barks.
Wood bark is a residue of forestry production that is used as a fuel source. The chemical composition of tree bark is similar to that of the harvested wood, and it contains a variety of useful compounds. To determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of different barks, fir (Abies nordmanniana), beech (Fagus orientalis), pine (Pinus sylvestris), poplar (Populus alba), and oak (Quercus robur) barks were selected because they are used for industrial purposes in Turkey. The dried bark powders were extracted using a 65:35 methanol-water mixture (v/v) to determine the total phenolic content, the flavonoid content, and the antioxidant properties (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating, and H2O2 scavenging). The flavonoid components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and extracted by hexane to analyze the volatile components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The poplar bark extracts had the highest total phenolic content, highest total flavonoid content, and highest antioxidant content. The poplar bark extracts were rich in myricetin (87.761 mg/L), which is a flavonoid with rich antioxidant properties. The presence of valuable extracts suggests that barks may have uses as valuable raw materials for chemical applications such as cosmetics, perfumes, and food preservatives.
Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of some industrial tree bark extracts
Bioresources, 2019
Wood bark is a residue of forestry production that is used as a fuel source. The chemical composition of tree bark is similar to that of the harvested wood, and it contains a variety of useful compounds. To determine the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of different barks, fir (Abies nordmanniana), beech (Fagus orientalis), pine (Pinus sylvestris), poplar (Populus alba), and oak (Quercus robur) barks were selected because they are used for industrial purposes in Turkey. The dried bark powders were extracted using a 65:35 methanol-water mixture (v/v) to determine the total phenolic content, the flavonoid content, and the antioxidant properties (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating, and H2O2 scavenging). The flavonoid components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and extracted by hexane to analyze the volatile components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The poplar bark extracts had the highest total phenolic content, highest total flavonoid content, and highest antioxidant content. The poplar bark extracts were rich in myricetin (87.761 mg/L), which is a flavonoid with rich antioxidant properties. The presence of valuable extracts suggests that barks may have uses as valuable raw materials for chemical applications such as cosmetics, perfumes, and food preservatives.
2018
This study serves to explore the chemical constituents of Azadirachta indica and Mangifera indica as a possible alternative sources of conventional antibiotics. Ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Mangifera indica stem bark were analysed for their chemical constituents. Phytochemical values for (Tannins, Oxalate, Phytate, Terpenoids, Trypsin inhibitor, Total Phenol, Total Carotenoids, Total Carotene Carotenes, Xanthophyll, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins and Antioxidant (DPPH Scanvenger) were revealed. The result were subjected to Studentized T-test as contained in SAS (1999). The result showed that all secondary metabolites analyzed were present in the bark of the two plant species studied but at different concentrations. The concentration of Tannin (1510.00 mg/kg), Oxalate (139.20 mg/kg), Phytate (15.55 mg/kg), Trypsin inhibitor (730.00 mg/kg), Flavonoids (78.50) and Saponins (17.71%) contents of Mango stem bark were found to be more than in Azadirachta indica. However, A...
2014
The bark of some medicinal trees (Alstonia boonei, Pycnanthus angolensis, Anacardium occidentale, Mangifera indica, Khaya iroresis, Nauclea diderichii, Morinda lucida and Bridelia micrantha) found in Nigeria were analysed for mineral composition and phytochemical screening. The mineral composition were determined and found to contain some elements such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, lead and phosphorous in high concentrations. The result of the phytochemical study revealed presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phlobatanin, terpenoids, flavonoids and cardiac glycoside in most of the samples. The percentages of tannin (1.75 to 3.32); saponin (2.58 to 4.11) and flavonoid (1.86 to 4.13) were generally high in all the samples studied with M. lucida having the highest value for tannin (3.32%) and flavonoid (4.13%). The presence of these phytochemicals in the result is an attestation that the trees are potentially medicinal. The data ...
PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF BARK OF CARRISA CARANDAS
Carrisa carandas belongs to the dogbane family Apocynaceae founds to be widely distributed throughout India. The present study investigates various qualitative and quantitative parameters like macroscopy, microscopic evaluation of bark powder and physicochemical constants of the bark of Carrisa carandas. Microscopic evaluation of powders of the bark revealed the presence of various cellular structures such as sclereids, fragment of cork, single acicular type of calcium oxalate crystals, pericyclic fibre and bordered pitted type of xylem vessels. Establishment of its quality parameters including physicochemical evaluation such as the moisture contents(1.08%), foreign organic matter(0.2%), total ash(1.6%), acid insoluble ash( 0.28%), water soluble ash( 1.1%), extractive values like ethanol-soluble extractives(0.81%) and water-soluble extractives( 0.44%) were calculated. Macroscopical and microscopical evaluation of bark gave special identification characters. These features play important role for the standardization of plant materials, isolation of bioactive principles, ensuring the quality of formulation and also useful to distinguish it from its related species. Keywords: Carrisa carandas, Apocynaceae, Macroscopy, Microscopy, Physicochemical parameters
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2017
Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex. Benth is a valuable and evergreen tree of family Mimosaceae. The plant is used as a folk medicine to treat aches, sore eyes, inflammation, malaria, skin diseases like itching, allergy and rashes. The stem bark of the plant is used as traditional remedy for treatment of rheumatism. The present study includes determination of various standardization parameters such as morphological characters, microscopic studies, physicochemical evaluation and preliminary phytochemical screening. The morphological studies exhibited the organoleptic and surface characteristics of stem bark. The microscopic study showed the presence of various characteristics of bark like cork, phloem fibers, medullary rays, parenchyma, calcium oxalate crystals and stone cells. Physicochemical constants such as foreign organic matter, extractive values, ash values, loss on drying, swelling index and foaming index were established. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presen...
Molecules, 2019
Polyphenols are one of the largest and most widespread groups of secondary metabolites in the plants world. These compounds are of particular interest due to their occurrence and the properties they possess. The main sources of phenolic compounds are fruits and vegetables, but lately, more and more studies refer to woody vascular plants, especially to bark, as an important source of phenolic compounds with a potential biological effect. This study aims to bring together information on the phenolic compounds present in the bark of woody vascular plants by discussing extraction methods, the chemical composition of the extracts and potential biological effects. The literature data used in this paper were collected via PubMed (2004–2019). Search terms were: bark, rhytidome, woody vascular plant, polyphenols, phenolic compounds, biologic activity, antioxidant, immunostimulatory, antimutagenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumoral. This paper intends to highlight the fact tha...
PLOS ONE
The present work determines the chemical and thermal characteristics as well as the phytochemical and antioxidant potential of the polar extractives of the Picea abies bark from an industrial mill, their wood and bark components and also different bark fractions obtained by mechanical fractionation (fine B 1 , Φ<0.180 mm, medium B 3 , 0.450 < Φ<0.850 mm and coarse B 6 , 2 < Φ<10 mm). The aim is to increase the knowledge on the Picea abies bark to better determine possible uses other than burning for energy production and to test an initial size reduction process to achieve fractions with different characteristics. Compared to wood, bark presented similar lignin (27%), higher mineral (3.9% vs 0.4%) and extractives (20.3% vs 3.8%) and lower polysaccharides (48% vs 71%) contents. Regarding bark fractions the fines showed higher ash (6.3%), extractives (25%) and lignin (29%) than the coarse fraction (3.9%, 19% and 25% respectively). Polysaccharide contents increased with particle size of the bark fractions (38% vs 52% for B 1 and B 6) but showed the same relative composition. The phytochemical profile of ethanol and water extracts presented higher contents for bark than wood of total phenols (2x higher), flavonoids (3x higher) and tannins (4-10x higher) with an increasing tendency with particle size. Bark antioxidant activity was higher than that of wood for ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, 10 vs 6 mmolFe 2+ /g Ext for the ethanol extract) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH, 6 vs 18 mg/L IC50 for the ethanol extract) methods. The different bark fractions antioxidant activity was very similar. Bark thermal properties showed a much lower volatiles to fixed carbon ratio (V/FC) than wood (3.1 vs 5.2) although the same higher heating value (20.3 MJ/kg). The fractions were quite similar. Bark presented chemical features that point to their possible upgrade, whether by taking advantage of the high extractives with bioactive compounds or the production potential for hemicellulose-derived oligomers with possible use in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.