A viable path toward a high energy density anode for lithium-ion batteries (original) (raw)
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Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2020
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Nanowire Lithium-Ion Batteries as Electrochemical Energy Storage for Electric Vehicles
The goal of this project is to explore nanowires (NWs) of Li-ion battery electrode materials for improving the battery energy and power density for electric vehicles. NWs offer advantages of a large surface to volume ratio, efficient electron conducting pathways and facile strain relaxation. With Yi Cui's Stanford startup fund support to initiate the project and the GCEP support since 2007, we demonstrated that Si and Ge NWs can be used as high-energy Li ion batteries anodes. Si NW anodes were shown to have a charge storage capacity 10 times the existing carbon anodes.
Electrochemistry Communications, 2008
Vertical arrays of one-dimensional tin nanowires on silicon dioxide (SiO 2 )/silicon (Si) substrates have been developed as anode materials for lithium rechargeable microbatteries. The process is complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible for fabricating on-chip microbatteries. Nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates integrated on SiO 2 /Si substrates were employed for fabrication of tin nanowires resulting in high surface area of anodes. The microstructure of these nanowire arrays was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical tests showed that the discharge capacity of about 400 mA h g À1 could be maintained after 15 cycles at the high discharge/charge rate of 4200 mA g À1 .
Advanced Materials, 2007
Lithium-ion batteries are the power sources of choice for popular mobile devices, such as cellular phones and lap-top computers. However, to meet the user's demands, the consumer electronics market is in continuous evolution with the production of diversified multifeature devices that require constantly increasing power levels. Therefore, it is expected that even the lithium-ion battery will soon become inadequate to meet the expectations of this fast-growing market. In addition to the consumer electronics area, high-energy batteries are also urgently needed to face the great challenges of the new millennium, namely a change of energy policy and a more accurate control of the environment of the planet. In response to these needs, which, among others, call for a wide use of clean-energy sources and for the large-scale introduction of controlled-or zero-emission vehicles, it is now essential that high-energy, low-cost, and environmentally friendly storage systems are identified. Lithium batteries could still be the best candidates for all these applications, provided that their performance reaches a level higher than that presently offered.
Search for suitable matrix for the use of tin-based anodes in lithium ion batteries
Solid State Ionics, 2000
Graphite is proposed as matrix for tin which is able to react inside the graphite sheets with lithium. If this matrix should be able to support the cell changes associated to the formation of lithium-tin alloys, an improvement of the performance of the lithium ion battery anode would be expected. Two techniques, (vapor phase and molten salt techniques, respectively) have been considered to obtain graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) with tin chlorides. The subsequent reduction of these systems with hydrogene at 4008C must lead to tin GICs. Due to the little extent of the intercalation reaction, the obtained compounds possess a maximal composition of Sn C . Despite the small amount of intercalated tin, potentiostatic tests 0.044 6 reveal that both tin and graphite are electrochemically active versus lithium. Galvanostatic tests indicate that the contribution of tin to the system total capacity increases for the molten salt samples and remains almost constant for the vapor phase samples. This behavior seems to indicate that the activity of tin intercalated atoms is very stable compared to pure graphite. The upper capacity found, 400 mAh / g, corresponds to the Sn C system, obtained by the molten salt technique. Its good 0.044 6 electrochemical properties agree with our idea that graphite is an adequate matrix for the tin atoms or clusters presents therein.
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2009
The nanostructure is a critical element to improve the performance of electrodes and realize the demanding expectation for a more sustainable and efficient conversion and storage of energy. This microreview analyzes some examples related to advanced electrodes for Li-ion batteries, PEM fuel cells, titania photoanodes and solar cells. The role of a proper nanoarchitecture and hierarchical organization in the electrode, which requires the understanding of the complex physicochemical phenomena occurring at the nanoscale level, is discussed. The need to use cost-effective methods for
Electrode Nanostructures in Lithium-Based Batteries
Advanced Science, 2014
electrode materials (e.g., Si, Ge or Sn etc.) utilized the alloying or conversion reaction with Li + by breaking the bonds between the host atoms, thus enhanced the capacitive performance of electrode. [ 13,41-43 ] In terms of theoretical capacity the Si-Li, Ge-Li and Sn-Li alloy brings capacities as high as 4200, 1623, 994 mAh g-1 , respectively but result in volume expansion up to 300%. [ 44-48 ] Such drastic structural changes happen as result of bond breaking of host atoms during alloy formation that affect the capacity retention and cyclic life drastically. [ 49,50 ] The capacity decay could also arises due to electrical insulation of the fractured electrode material. [ 51,52 ] Thus a critical design at nanoscale and good control on structure is required to overcome volume changes, structural fracture and side reactions. To overcome the challenges and limitations of alloy forming negative electrodes of Li-ion battery, new energy storage mechanisms are introduced utilizing the similar concept with Li-ion battery to improve its energy density equivalent to that of gasoline. [ 53 ] This concept based on the conversion reaction of Li + with oxygen and sulfur give rise to new types of lithium-based devices named as lithium air (Li-air) and lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries. [ 54-58 ] High theoretical energy densities of 3445 and 2600 Wh kg-1 for Li-air and Li-S batteries can be achieved considering a complete conversion reaction of Li + with oxygen and sulfur to form Li 2 O 2 and Li 2 S, respectively. [ 59-61 ] At fully charged state excluding oxygen the specifi c energy density of Li-air battery (11 680 Wh kg-1) reaches to the energy density of the gasoline (13 000 Wh kg-1). [ 62 ] However, several challenges from cell assembly to working materials including electrolyte, lithium metal anode and cathode catalysts need to be addressed before its practical application. [ 63-65 ] The delivery of pure air (O 2) is a great challenge associated with Li-air battery since air is a mixture of various gases and these gases act as poison for Li-air cell and destroy its capacity resulting in poor cyclic life. [ 59 ] Similarly, Li-S battery has its own limitation at cell operation associated with large volume changes (80%), poor conductivity and polysulfi de anions shuttle that destroyed the internal operation system of the cell and affect its performance. [ 60 ] Thus, development of sulfur nanostructures or its hybrids with other metals or/and carbon are necessary to overcome these issues. [ 66,67 ] Please note that the present review only discusses critical challenges associated with electrode of lithium-based batteries and their proposed solution with recent examples from literature, thus we apologize to the authors if their work is not deliberated below. This review summarizes the recent developments in lithiumbased batteries, different chemistries of lithium-based batteries and electrode nanostructures, challenges associated with these nanostructures and their solutions. It includes the contributions both from the author's group and scientifi c community to highlight the advancement and important aspects on lithium-based batteries. It will fi rst explain the working principals of lithiumbased batteries (Li-ion, Li-air, and Li-S). It will also outline the various challenges associated with lithium-based batteries both at electrode structure and cell operation. Moreover, it will present the advantages and disadvantages of nanostructures over the conventional anode and cathode materials. Further, it will summarize the various methodologies developed to overcome the challenges associated with electrode nanostructures both at the level of synthesis and structure design. The controlled synthesis leading to advanced electrode materials and catalysts, providing an ideal system to study synergistic effect of various hybrid structures for enhanced performance. The review will lead towards the future of lithium-based systems (Li-ion, Li-air and Li-S) with possible solution to the associated problems. 2. Working Principle and Structure of Lithium-Based Batteries The working mechanism and structure of each type of cell is elaborated in the respective sections. In general all types of batteries (Li-ion, Li-air and Li-S) have similar cell assembly that consists of two electrodes (anode and cathode/catalyst) and electrically insulating separator but are permeable for ions and electrolyte. However, keep in mind that Li-air cell also needs a continuous oxygen supply. But the cell chemistries in all these lithium-based systems are quite different from each other; this is explained below. 2.1. Li-Ion Battery The Li-ion battery received tremendous attention of researchers and became the major source of energy storage in portable Nasir Mahmood obtained his B.S. degree in 2009 in chemistry from Punjab University and M.S. degree in 2011 in Materials and Surface Engineering from National
SnCo nanowire array as negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries
Journal of Power Sources, 2011
Amorphous SnCo alloy nanowires (NWs) grown inside the channels of polycarbonate membranes by potentiostatic codeposition of the two metals (SnCo-PM) were tested vs. Li by repeated galvanostatic cycles in ethylene carbonate-dimethylcarbonate -LiPF 6 for use as negative electrode in lithium ion batteries. These SnCo electrodes delivered an almost constant capacity value, near to the theoretical for an atomic ratio Li/Sn of 4.4 over more than 35 lithiation-delithiation cycles at 1 C. SEM images of fresh and cycled electrodes showed that nanowires remain partially intact after repeated lithiation-delithiation cycles; indeed, several wires expanded and became porous. Results of amorphous SnCo nanowires grown inside anodic alumina membranes (SnCo-AM) are also reported. The comparison of the two types of NW electrodes demonstrates that the morphology of the SnCo-PM is more suitable than that of the SnCo-AM for electrode stability over cycling. Optimization of NW technology should thus be a promising route to enhancing the mechanical strength and durability of tin-based electrodes.