Recent Advances in Hantavirus Molecular Biology and Disease (original) (raw)

Hantaviral Proteins: Structure, Functions, and Role in Hantavirus Infection

Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015

Hantaviruses are the members of the family Bunyaviridae that are naturally maintained in the populations of small mammals, mostly rodents. Most of these viruses can easily infect humans through contact with aerosols or dust generated by contaminated animal waste products. Depending on the particular Hantavirus involved, human infection could result in either hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or in Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. In the past few years, clinical cases of the Hantavirus caused diseases have been on the rise. Understanding structure of the Hantavirus genome and the functions of the key viral proteins are critical for the therapeutic agents' research. This paper gives a brief overview of the current knowledge on the structure and properties of the Hantavirus nucleoprotein and the glycoproteins.

Microbiological and epidemiological review of Hantavirus: A Review

Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Hantaviruses are rodent viruses that have a world-wide distribution. Rodents and insectivores act as asymptomatic, chronic, persistently infected carrier hosts, whereas humans are dead end hosts and may exhibit symptoms after an incubation period of between one and six weeks. Hantaviruses infect humans and causing either hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Due to the absence of the treatment and approved vaccine in the USA, European and Asian countries, the public awareness and precautions are the only way of minimizing the risk of Hantavirus infection. This review provides a microbiological and epidemiological summary of the Hantavirus diseases in rodents and human beings. We concluded that the disease is a serious zoonotic disease the affect animals and humans and the mortality rate is really high. A wide range of different diagnostic tests play an important role in the diagnosis of the Hantavirus.

A Comprehensive Review on the Hantavirus Epidemiology and Potential Therapeutic Prospects

International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Phytopharmacological Research

Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that have severe harmful effects on humans. They belong to a completely different genus in the Bunyaviridae family as they are rodent-borne viruses. They have a persistent life cycle in their primary hosts without causing any infection, however, they can infect humans in case of any contact with rodents or inhalation of aerosolized contaminated rodent droppings or saliva. Hantavirus has a wide geographic dispersal and is found in all the continents except Antarctica. Since their first encounter in the 1950s during the Korean conflict, it has been a threat to humans. Hantavirus syndrome can result in either Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), which is more prevalent in America, and Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) prevalent in Eurasia. These viruses have caused approximately 2,00,000 infections worldwide in recent years. In this review, we provide a summary of the progress made in understanding the hantavirus epidemiology, different vaccines, drugs, pathogenesis, clinical features, model systems used for hantavirus studies, treatments, and preventions associated with the virus.

Hantaviruses: A Global Life Threatening Disease

International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences, 2021

Hantaviruses is an overall rat-borne infection, which has a place with family Bunyaviridae. It essentially causes two clinical symptoms Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. This virus is transmitted from rat to human through inhalation of rodent urine, feces, bite, or dead body. When rats drop their urine, saliva or feces the virus contaminate the air and is inhaled by the person. The person breathes the contaminated air while breeding, aerosols inhalation or excreta so it is also called as airborne transmission. This virus does not show any appearance on natural hosts but a human related pathogen. It has more than twenty spices of rodent-borne virus, which are negative sense single strand RNA genome. The four spices of natural hosts are deer mouse, white footed mouse; cotton rat and rice rat is main carrier of Hantavirus, which are found in rural areas. It is a zoonotic disease by persistent infection. It was first isolated in America as old and new Hantavirus. It is feverish disease followed by headache, respiratory problems, myalgia, hypotension, cardiovascular disease, hypoxia, back pain, and pulmonary disease. Large, medium, and small sections are found in RNA genome. The replicated enzyme is found as large fragment, medium has envelope glycoprotein, and small has nucleocaspid N.

Hantavirus Disease: An Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Disease of Public Health Concern

Emergence and re-emergence of viral zoonoses pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Hantaviruses are enveloped negative (-) single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to Hantaviridae family, which are transmitted to humans through inhalation and are harbored by small rodents. Humans can develop two clinical syndromes as a result of hantavirus infection: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which are caused by Old World and New World hantaviruses, respectively. Infections with the hantavirus are rather common in peoples in parts of Asia, Europe, and South America, although they appear to be less common in North America. Globally, 200,000 peoples are affected with Hantaviruses every year. The clinical manifestations of HFRS range from asymptomatic to mild to moderate to severe. In general, HFRS produced by Hantaan, Amur, and Dobrava viruses is more severe, with fatality rates ranging from 5 to 15%, whereas Seoul, Puumala, and Saaremaa viruses induce mild types of disease with mortality rates of less than 1%, resulting in HCPS. For hantavirus identification, a variety of techniques are utilized, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot assay (IBA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and other molecular approaches. Because no effective medication or vaccination has been licensed by the FDA, the greatest defense is to avoid contact with rodents and clean up rodent habitats safely.

Meeting report: Eleventh International Conference on Hantaviruses

Antiviral Research, 2020

These ICHs have been held every three years since 1989. ICH 2019 was attended by 158 participants from 33 countries. The current report summarizes research presented on all aspects of hantavirology: ecology; pathogenesis and immune responses; virus phylogeny, replication and morphogenesis; epidemiology; vaccines, therapeutics and prevention; and clinical aspects and diagnosis.

Uncovering the mysteries of hantavirus infections

Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2013

| Hantaviruses are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that infect many species of rodents, shrews, moles and bats. Infection in these reservoir hosts is almost asymptomatic, but some rodent-borne hantaviruses also infect humans, causing either haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). In this Review, we discuss the basic molecular properties and cell biology of hantaviruses and offer an overview of virus-induced pathology, in particular vascular leakage and immunopathology.

Human hantavirus infections: epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and immunology

Swiss Medical Weekly, 2014

In humans, hantaviruses can cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Currently it is estimated that 150,000 to 200,000 cases of hantavirus disease occur each year, the majority being reported in Asia. However, human hantavirus infections are increasingly reported in the Americas and Europe. Although many of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms still remain unclear, recent evidence rather argues against a purely immune-mediated pathophysiology of human disease. Despite the high morbidity and casefatality rates of HFRS and HCPS, respectively, no vaccine or drug is currently proven to be preventive or therapeutic. This review summarises clinical features and current epidemiological findings, as well as concepts regarding the immunology, pathogenesis and intervention strategies of human hantaviral diseases.