Therapeutic drugs for SARS-CoV-2 treatment: Current state and perspective (original) (raw)

Chemistry of selected drugs for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition: Tested in vitro and approved by the FDA

2021

Coronavirus belongs to many species of viruses that cause multiple diseases for mankind and different animals. Several coronaviruses are well-known to cause respiratory tract infection in human beings, starting from common colds with effective infection. COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by a recently discovered coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2019), which mainly attacks the respiratory system. In this research, we are focusing on the up-to-date used medications to treat COVID-19. The presented medications were approved by many governmental administrations and also tested in many trails.

SARS-CoV-2: Repurposed Drugs and Novel Therapeutic Approaches—Insights into Chemical Structure—Biological Activity and Toxicological Screening

Journal of Clinical Medicine

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic represents the primary public health concern nowadays, and great efforts are made worldwide for efficient management of this crisis. Considerable scientific progress was recorded regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of genomic structure, diagnostic tools, viral transmission, mechanism of viral infection, symptomatology, clinical impact, and complications, but these data evolve constantly. Up to date, neither an effective vaccine nor SARS-CoV-2 specific antiviral agents have been approved, but significant advances were enlisted in this direction by investigating repurposed approved drugs (ongoing clinical trials) or developing innovative antiviral drugs (preclinical and clinical studies). This review presents a thorough analysis of repurposed drug admitted for compassionate use from a chemical structure—biological activity perspective highlighting the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) pr...

Pharmacotherapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 38 million people worldwide by person to person transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therapeutic and preventative strategies for SARS-CoV-2 remains a significant challenge. Within the past several months, effective treatment options have emerged and now include repurposed antivirals, corticosteroids and virus-specific antibodies. The latter has included convalescence plasma and monoclonal antibodies. Complete viral eradication will be achieved through an effective, safe and preventative vaccine. To now provide a comprehensive summary for each of the pharmacotherapeutics and preventative strategies being offered or soon to be developed for SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 and Therapeutic Approaches

The Open COVID Journal

In 2019, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, affecting the population all over the globe. This ongoing pandemic is creating major havoc and has already taken the lives of many people. It has become really difficult to control the spread of the virus because of its high rate of multiplication in the host and transmission. The virus spreads by the means of droplets or direct contact with the infected person, causing pneumonia-like symptoms, such as fever, dry cough, throat pain, and breathlessness. This review presents the indications, mechanism of action, administration, and adverse effects of some antiviral, antibiotic, and immunomodulatory drugs, that are currently employed in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. It also presents the effects and benefits of drugs on an infected person, when co-administered together.

A Generalized Overview of the Possible Pharmacotherapy and Treatments against SARS-CoV-2

2021

A highly pathogenic viral infection with several symptoms have been reported such as fever, cough, breathing difficulty, fatigue, headache, failure of taste or smell sensation, sore throat, congestion and diarrhoea in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. In 30th January, 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease to be a Public Health Emergency of global Concern. This virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted after close contact with an infected patient, and has quickly spread globally. In this pandemic, several types of drugs, non-drugs treatment, and their combination are being used to manage the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) affected patients which caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although none of them are officially recommended by any national and international committee such as U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) because the efficacy and the safety aspects of these treatments are still unide...

Potential Antiviral Drugs for SARS-Cov-2 Treatment: Preclinical Findings and Ongoing Clinical Research

In Vivo, 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), initially termed 2019-new CoV (2019-nCoV), is a novel coronavirus responsible for the severe respiratory illness currently ongoing worldwide from the beginning of December 2019. This beta gene virus, very close to bat coronaviruses (bat-CoV-RaTG13) and bat-SL-CoVZC45, causes a severe disease, similar to those caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and SARS-CoV viruses, featured by low to moderate mortality rate. Unfortunately, the antiviral drugs commonly used in clinical practice to treat viral infections, are not applicable to SARS-Cov-2 and no vaccine is available. Thus, it is extremely necessary to identify new drugs suitable for the treatment of the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Different preclinical studies conducted on other coronaviruses suggested that promising clinical outcomes for 2019-nCoV should be obtained by using alpha-interferon, chloroquine phosphate, arabinol, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and antiinflammatory drugs. Moreover, clinical trials with these suitable drugs should be performed on patients affected by SARS-Cov-2 to prove their efficacy and safety. Finally, a very promising therapeutic drug, tocilizumab, is discussed; it is currently used to treat patients presenting COVID-19 pneumonia. Herein, we recapitulate these experimental studies to highlight the use of antiviral drugs for the treatment of SARS-Cov-2 disease. SARS-Cov-2, initially termed 2019-new CoV (2019-nCoV), is a novel coronavirus (CoV) responsible for the severe respiratory illness currently ongoing worldwide from the end of December 2019. This virus is the seventh coronavirus identified able to infect humans (1-3). Belonging to a family of single-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA), SARS-Cov-2 which is a beta gene virus genetically very closed to bat-CoV-RaTG13 and bat-SL-CoVZC45 Covs, can cause severe illness with still unknown dynamics. Similarly, to other human CoVs such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, this virus can result in severe clinical pictures. In particular, the clinical conditions associated with SARS-Cov-2-generally termed as COVID-19 which is the acronym of "coronavirus disease 2019"-may range from uncomplicated (mild) illness to moderate or severe pneumonia to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) involving sepsis, septic shock, and multiorgan failure. Unfortunately, to date, no specific antiviral agent is recommended for use in clinical practice to treat this viral infection and no vaccine is available. Thus, it is extremely necessary to identify new drugs suitable for the treatment of the SARS-Cov-2 outbreak (4). Different preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on other CoV-induced diseases suggested that promising clinical outcomes for SARS-Cov-2 patients should be obtained by using alpha-interferon, chloroquine phosphate, arabinol, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and anti-inflammatory drugs (5-10). Moreover, clinical trials with these suitable drugs should be performed on patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 to prove their efficacy and safety as recently proposed for tocilizumab (11). Herein, we review these experimental studies to shed light on the potential use of alternative antiviral drugs for the treatment of 2019-nCoV.

Inhibition of SARS Coronavirus Infection In Vitro with Clinically Approved Antiviral Drugs

Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2004

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease caused by a newly identified human coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Currently, no effective drug exists to treat SARS-CoV infection. In this study, we investigated whether a panel of commercially available antiviral drugs exhibit in vitro anti-SARS-CoV activity. A drug-screening assay that scores for virus-induced cytopathic effects on cultured cells was used. Tested were 19 clinically approved compounds from several major antiviral pharmacologic classes: nucleoside analogs, interferons, protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors. Complete inhibition of cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV in culture was observed for interferon subtypes, b-1b, a-n1, a-n3, and human leukocyte interferon a. These findings support clinical testing of approved interferons for the treatment of SARS.

Role of Anti-Viral Drugs in Combating SARS-CoV-2

Biotechnology to Combat COVID-19 [Working Title]

Viruses are the eventual assertion of parasitism, they not only take nutriments from the host cell, apart from that they direct its metabolic machinery to amalgamate novel virus particle and to diminish the ability of flu viruses to reproduce in an individual antiviral drugs are used. When used as directed, antiviral drugs may help to lessen the duration of flu symptoms and may reduce the severity of common flu symptoms. Antiviral drugs are the class of drugs which comes under the antimicrobials, and that also accommodates the larger group i.e. of antibiotics. They are broad-spectrum in nature and can be effective against a wide range of viruses. They can be used as a single drug as well as in combination of drugs. Antiviral drugs are dissimilar from the antibiotics, they do not demolish their target pathogen ideally they obstruct development of pathogen. To the greatest extent antiviral drugs currently accessible are delineate to deal with herpes viruses, covid-19, HIV, the hepatit...

Development of antiviral therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome

Antiviral Research, 2005

A new disease, the severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), emerged at the beginning of 2003 and rapidly spread throughout the world. Although the disease had disappeared in June 2003 its re-emergence cannot be excluded. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV may take years. Therefore, the availability of effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV may be crucial for the control of future SARS outbreaks. In this review, experimental and clinical data about potential anti-SARS drugs is summarised and discussed. Animal model studies will be needed to help to determine which interventions warrant controlled clinical testing.

Investigational Anti SARS-COVID 19 Medication

2020

The newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that originated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. By July 2020, the WHO reported over 17 million confirmed cases in over 200 countries around the globe. This review discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic may affect healthy people, structure and replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2; targets and therapeutics SARS-CoV-2 and anti-COVID drugs: strategies and perspectives.