Pharmacological Study of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) for their possible Antimalarial Activity with Emphasis on Resistance and Resistant Reversal (original) (raw)
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Since the emergence of drug resistant strains of malaria parasites, the rate of resistance has been increasing and limiting adequate treatment of malaria. Consequently, there is an urgent global need to isolate new classes of antimalarial compounds from natural sources. The aim of this study was to test Andrographis paniculata extract for the ability to treat malaria. The Andrographis paniculata powder from commercial capsule was freshly dissolved in DMSO and diluted with normal saline. The four-day suppressive, curative effects against established infection and prophylactic models of the extract were carried out in P. berghei ANKA infected ICR mice, using pyrimethamine as a positive control. Parasitemia was then monitored at day 4 after treatment with the extracts (suppressive and curative tests) or after infection (prophylactic test), and percent inhibition was subsequently calculated and compared with pyrimethamine treated group. It was found that the extract (2, 20, and 100 mg.k...
In vivo Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Tablets
Procedia Chemistry, 2014
The formulation of three phytopharmaceutical products of Andrographispaniculata fractions (AP fraction A and B) containing diterpene lactones as an active substance were developed and their antimalarial activities against Plasmodium bergheihas been examined. In vivo antimalarial assay on P. berghei infected mice was carried out by oral administration,twice a dayfor four consecutive days of the AP fractions product, which were Tablet I : wet granulated formula of AP fraction A; Tablet II : wet granulated formula of AP fraction B; Tablet III : solid dispersion formula of AP fraction B.. The results revealed that three phytopharmaceutical products of A.paniculata were inhibited parasite's growth with inhibition range of 70.15% to 80.35%. There was no significant difference of antimalarial activities between Tablet II and III, meanwhile there was significant difference among Tablet I with Tablet II and Tablet III.It was concluded that antimalarial activity depending on raw material form of A. paniculata active substance.
Pharmaceutical …, 1992
Andrographis paniculata Ness is one of the plants that is under explored and could contain potentially active substances to serve as an antimalarial. Structure investigation of major compounds that have responsibility for the antimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculata Ness's n-hexane extract is very important so that it is known whether the antimalarial activity is synergistic or from the major compounds. Menthol and dioctyladipate as major component from n-hexane extract of Andrographis paniculata Ness have been succesfully isolated using simple and inexpensive methods. The solvent system used are n-hexane : ethyl acetate (10:1) and n-hexane: chloroform (10:3) consecutively either for column or preparative thin layer chromatography. FT-IR, 1 H-NMR and GC-MS were used to determine the structure of compounds. The activity of n-hexane extract, menthol and dioctyladipate related to the inhibition of heme polymerization have been done comprehensively. The inhibition of heme polymerization activity of isolate compounds and n-hexane extract are classified to a good level (dioctyl adipate IC 50 = 1.15 ± 0.41 mg/mL, menthol IC 50 = 0.31 ± 0,01 mg/mL, and n-hexane extract IC 50 = 0.07 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and potentially as antimalarial. From the IC 50 , the antimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculata Ness's n-hexane extract is working synergistically, not by the major compounds.
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences , 2017
The rapid spread of resistance encourages the search for new active compounds. Andrographis paniculata commonly known as sambiloto was empirically used as traditional medicine in Indonesia to cure malaria. This study aims to determine antimalarial activity and survival time of A. paniculata fraction from 70% ethanolic extract (namely AS202-01) on Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Antimalarial in vivo study was conducted based on Peter's 4-days suppressive test. Thirty healthy Balb/c male mice, divided into 6 groups (n = 5), were infected intravenously with 1x10 6 parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei. Infected mice were treated at a dose of 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg BW, twice a day for four days, the untreated group of mice received CMC-Na 0.5% and the control group treated with chloroquine (10 mg/kg BW). Thin blood smears giemsa staining were made every day for seven days and observed under microscope to count parasitemia and calculate inhibition of parasite's growth. Probit analysis was conducted to determine effective dose (ED50) value. Observation of antimalarial effect of AS202-01 was continued until 14 days to evaluate survival time of infected mice. The results showed that AS202-01 was inhibited P. berghei growth with ED50 value of 6.75 mg/kg BW. It was classified as a highly active antimalarial substance. The AS202-01 was also significantly able to increase survival time of infected mice compared to untreated group.
2013
AIM to compare the anti-malarial effect among sambiloto extract, chloroquine and artemisinin-only as well as those of their combination. METHODS the study was conducted in Central Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia from January to February 2006. Malaria culture used Plasmodium falciparum of Papua strain (2300) that was obtained from Namru-2 Jakarta. Five drugs applied in this test; those were chloroquine, artemisinin, the extract of sambiloto, the combination of sambiloto and chloroquine, and the combination of sambiloto and artemisinin. Parasite density was determined by counting the number of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocyte in 5,000 erythrocytes of the culture. Single drug (Chloroquine-only or artemisinin only) and either combination with sambiloto at dose 0.5 ug/ml had killing-effect against the parasite, measured by the appearance of "crisis form" on the infected erythrocytes. This killing-effect was dose depe...
Objective: The aim was to determine the antimalarial drug effectiveness of the combination therapy model of 80% ethanolic extract of sambiloto (EES) and chloroquine on Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Methods: Five groups of P. berghei infected mice were used in this study, divided by three combinations therapy models of EES and chloroquine groups (Model A, B, C), one monotherapy of EES group (Model D) and one untreated group (Model E) as a control. EES and chloroquine were used at a dose of 100 mg/kg mice body weight and 0.15 mg/kg mice body weight, respectively. Only for Model C, chloroquine was used at a dose of 10 mg/kg mice body weight. Three combinations therapy models consisted of Model A: Infected mice treated by EES and chloroquine for 4 days; Model B: treated by EES for 4 days and chloroquine for 1 day at 1 st day; Model C: treated by EES for 4 days and chloroquine for 1 day at 4 th day. Meanwhile, Model D and E were treated by EES and vehicle each for 4 days, respectivel...
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 2023
Context: Andrographis paniculata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat malaria. The ethyl acetate fraction of A. paniculata containing diterpene lactone compounds was developed into a tablet dosage form, AS201-01. Aims: To determine the antimalarial activity and toxicity of AS201-01 to guarantee its efficacy and safety. Methods: Antimalarial assay in male Balb/c mice based on Peter’s four-day suppressive test at a dose of 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW and 10 mg/kg BW of chloroquine as a positive control. In acute toxicity, AS201-01 was administered orally at a dose of 5, 50, 200, and 2,000 mg/kg BW in male rats (Wistar rats) and observed for 14 days to identify signs of toxicity and mortality. Meanwhile, AS201-01 was administered at 50, 327, and 1,000 mg/kg BW per day for 28 days in male and female rats to assess subchronic toxicity. Results: AS201-01 has antimalarial activity and exhibited the highest suppressive effect at 50 mg/kg BW dose with inhibition of 73.48%. Meanwhile, chloroquine at 10 mg/kg BW has an inhibition of 97.94%. AS201-01 was highly active as an antimalarial with an ED50 value of 5.95 mg/kg BW and increased survival time. Administration of AS201-01 is relatively safe in acute and subchronic toxicity studies. No clinical signs and mortality were observed in either study. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) was above 2,000 mg/kg BW. Conclusions: AS201-01 is effective as an antimalarial and non-toxic when administered orally at an equivalent therapeutic dose in an animal model.
Antimalarial activity of selected Malaysian medicinal plants
2012
Treatment of malaria infection has becoming extremely challenging due to widespread resistance of the parasite towards available antimalarial drugs. In the present study, we investigated the antimalarial activity of five local Malaysian medicinal plants species incuding Eurycoma longifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Alyxia lucida, Ardisia Crispa and Orthosiphon Stamineus. Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in ICR mice was used as model for malaria infection. Malaria was initiated by inoculation of mice with 2 x 10 7 parasitized red blood cells and treatment with various concentrations of the plant extracts was carried out once daily in a 4-day suppressive test against parasitaemia development. Results showed that Eurycoma longifolia, Andrographis paniculata and Ardisia Crispa exhibited considerable antimalarial activity, whereas Alyxia lucida only showed a weak activity and Orthosiphon stamineus did not show any antimalarial activity.
The aim of this study was to assess the antimalarial activity of nine medicinal plants used by Karens of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive MRC-2 isolate. The methanol extracts were obtained by cold percolation method and in vitro antimalarial activity was assessed using M-III method. The results indicated that out of nine plant species tested, four plants, viz., Z. spectabilis, S. wallichiana, C. pulcherrima and Amomum sp. demonstrated significant antimalarial activity (50% inhibitory concentration values were 5.5 ± 0.7, 12.0 ± 2.5, 14.6 ± 1.3 and 37.3 ± 2.5 μg/mL respectively) with no toxicity effect on erythrocytes.
Clinical Phytoscience, 2021
Background In this study, we selected two medicinal plants Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. and Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. on the basis of their traditional use in the treatment of fever associated with malaria in Assam (India) and evaluated their antimalarial potential against Plasmodium falciparum strains. Methods The properly processed plant parts of C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. and A. nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. were extracted with different solvents from nonpolar to polar by cold maceration technique. After that antimalarial activities of the extracts were evaluated against both chloroquine sensitive (3D7) and resistant (RKL-9) strains of P. falciparum using Giemsa staining light microscopy technique. The most active extract(s) was further screened for cytotoxicity potential against murine macrophage RAW264.7 cell line using MTT assay. Then preliminary phytochemical screening and qualitative fingerprint analysis of the active extract(s) were done to check the presence of...