Fine Particulate Concentrations in the Ambient Environment of a Major Haulage Vehicle Park (original) (raw)
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Air quality index pattern of particulate around a haulage vehicle park
Cogent Environmental Science, 2016
This study investigated the air quality index patterns for PM 2.5 and PM 10 in the airshed of a haulage vehicle park located around a major highway connecting Lagos, the commercial centre of Nigeria to its other parts. Measurements of PM 2.5 and PM 10 were done at five different sub-parks using the aerosol mass monitor GT-331 by Met one instrument. The measured concentrations ranged between 16.07-29.95 μg m −3 and 125.95-433.08 μg m −3 for PM 2.5 and PM 10 , respectively. The air quality index (AQI) within the park with respect to PM 2.5 could be described as moderate but unhealthy within at least two sub parks when PM 10 is considered; hence, the health of vulnerable people could be at risk. This study establishes that vehicular activities at the park could have significant impact on the park's ambient air quality, thus calls for appropriate regulatory measure to protect commuters plying the major highway around the park.
Toxicity potential of particulates in the airshed of haulage vehicle park
Issue 4, 2013
This study examined the toxicity potential of total suspended particulate in the airshed of a haulage vehicle park located in a major highway connecting Lagos, the commercial centre of Nigeria to its other parts. It has an approximate area of 0.6 km2. Ambient air total suspended particulates (TSP) were monitored at five different sub- parks using the GT331 particulate monitor. A control sampling point was also set at about a kilometer southward of the sub-parks. The average measured particulate concentrations within the park ranged between 197.07 and 653.28 µg m-3 with an average of 334.5 µg m-3 but at the control point, it was between 18.5 and 46.6 µg m-3 with an average of 36.23 µg m-3. An assessment of toxicity potential of these particulates shows unhealthy air conditions at the haulage park. It was between 0.58 and 6.00 at the park’s sampling points but ranged between 0.11 and 0.33 at the control location. This study establishes that haulage vehicles may contribute significantl...
Particulate air pollution with emphasis on traffic generated aerosols
RISO-REPORTS-RISO R, 1999
Experimental methods for identifying particles generated from the wear of automobile tires and roadway asphalts have been developed. The methods have been employed on aerosols, collected with Berner low pressure cascade impactors, in Copenhagen and Risø and aerosols collected with medium volume samplers on two locations in Copenhagen. Furthermore the deposited particulate matter has been measured in soil near highways and at remote sites, and finally the ad-and absorbed particulate matter has been measured on plant leaves sampled in Copenhagen and at remote sites. Tire and bitumen particles constitute each about 5 wt-% of the collected suspended particulate matter in inner city air. The particle size distribution shows that 92 % of the mass of airborne particulate tire debris have aerodynamic diameters smaller than 1 µm. The mean aerodynamic diameter is about 1 µm for the bitumen particles. Soil concentrations in the vicinity of a highway indicate an approximate exponential decrease with increasing distance from the road. Constant values are reached after about 5 m for the tire particles and 10 m for the bitumen particles. This implies a presence of larger particles, typically larger than 20 µm, that deposit immediately and that are not collected by the aerosol samplers. Concentrations in soil that has not been touched for at least 30 years show a decrease in tire concentration by a factor of 30 when moving from the top soil to a depth of 3 cm. The bitumen concentration is approximately constant to a depth of 10 cm. The leaf samples indicate a slightly higher tire particle concentration on the adaxial side compared to the abaxial side and an increased surface retention for pubescent leaves. About 0.5 µg tire pr. cm 2 leaf is found near a highway, and about 65 % of this concentration derives from adsorbed particles on both leaf sides. The remainder is either respired through stomata or incorporated in the epicuticular wax layer. The fact that a substantial amount of the airborne tire and bitumen particles occur in the submicron range permits long range transportation and uptake and assimilation in the human respiratory system as well as absorption in plant tissue.
A Study on Particulate Matter From an Area With High Traffic Intensity
The research is focusing on analyzing the concentrations of particulate matter (PM) next to a highly congested road section, with 39,900 as a maximum number of vehicles per 24 h, in the vicinity of Timisoara, Romania. Concentrations have been measured in multiple episodes using two different measurement methods, gravimetric and dynamic light scattering, showing a disperse range of PM concentrations. Presence of metal particles in the samples have been analyzed using an electron microscope. Additionally, impact on human health is described by evaluating results for inhalable, thoracic, and alveolar sized particles.
Investigation of Particulate Matter Pollutants in Parking Garages
NAUN and WSEAS, 2012
Air pollution is getting more emphasis in recent research and legislations due to its impact on human health and overall environmental quality. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most important ambient air pollutants involved in a number of adverse health effects. In the case of parking garages, there are high levels of mobile PM pollutants due to air pollution coming from operation of vehicles engines. This study presents indoor PM measurements performed at three different enclosed parking garages A, B and C in two cities of Belgium with varying vehicle intensity and varying layout. Garages A and B are located in the ground floor and basement respectively of different multi-storey buildings in Brussels, while Garage C is in the ground floor of a multi-storey building in Leuven. Garage A is equipped with natural ventilation, whereas B and C have a combined mechanical and natural ventilation. Parking capacity of the garages A, B and C is 50, 130 and 185 car spaces respectively. Particle mass concentrations, number concentrations and their size distributions were measured continuously using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor Plus (ELPI+) instrument. The impactor has 14 stages in the range of 6 nm to 10 µm. Three sizes of particles including PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 were characterized under this study. The ELPI+ device was placed on a table at a height of 0.85 m from the floor. All samples were collected inside the garages for several hours during workdays for each measurement. The results indicated that the average particles mass concentrations in the garages ranged from 28 µg/Nm 3 to 50 µg/Nm 3 for PM 1 , 43 µg/Nm 3 to 60 µg/Nm 3 for PM 2.5 and 58 µg/Nm 3 to 90 µg/Nm 3 for PM 10 respectively. The number concentrations were in the range of 28e+03 particles/cm 3 to 47e+03 particles/cm 3. Two distinct particle sizes of coarse and fine modes were observed in the particle mass size distributions in all examined garages, while the observed number size distributions showed dominant quantities of fine particles.
Particulate matter (PM) emitted from three light-duty vehicles was studied in terms of its physicochemical and ecotoxicological character using Microtox bioassay tests. A diesel vehicle equipped with an oxidation catalyst emitted PM which consisted of carbon species at over 97%. PM from a diesel vehicle with a particle filter (DPF) consisted of almost equal amounts of carbon species and ions, while a gasoline vehicle emitted PM consisting of w90% carbon and w10% ions. Both the DPF and the gasoline vehicles produced a distinct nucleation mode at 120 km/h. The PM emitted from the DPF and the gasoline vehicles was less ecotoxic than that of conventional diesel, but not in direct proportion to the emission levels of the different vehicles. These results indicate that PM emission reductions are not equally translated into ecotoxicity reductions, implying some deficiencies on the actual environmental impact of emission control technologies and regulations.
Contribution of vehicular traffic towards the particulate emission and its effects on human health
Vehicular traffic pollution, 2018
Particulate matter is small and medium solid and liquid particles which are present in the atmosphere. Vehicular traffic is one of the main contributors of particulate pollution in urban areas. The concentration of vehicular particulate pollution in atmosphere depends upon traffic intensity, time of the day, type of vehicles plying on roads and meteorology. The increase in particulate matter at alarming rate in Bhopal is a topic of measure concern. Congested roads, road side constructions and burning of fuel wood are contributing at high rates to the particulate matter. Both RSPM and SPM have risen to very high levels. Present study reveals that particulate matter during most of the months crossed the safe limits as per CPCB (2009). Current study was carried out at a busy crossing in old congested area of Bhopal township where there is close proximity of residential area besides heavy traffic load. People have been found to suffer from coughing, sneezing, phlegm, wheezing, breathlessness, irritation in eyes, heart problems, hypertension, skin allergy, head ache and nausea.
Atmospheric Environment, 2004
The spatial variability of aerosol number and mass along roads was determined in different regions (urban, rural and coastal-marine) of the Netherlands. A condensation particle counter (CPC) and an optical aerosol spectrometer (LAS-X) were installed in a van along with a global positioning system (GPS). Concentrations were measured with high-time resolutions while driving allowing investigations not possible with stationary equipment. In particular, this approach proves to be useful to identify those locations where numbers and mass attain high levels ('hot spots'). In general, concentrations of number and mass of particulate matter increase along with the degree of urbanisation, with number concentration being the more sensitive indicator. The lowest particle numbers and PM 1 -concentrations are encountered in a coastal and rural area: o5000 cm À3 and 6 mg m À3 , respectively. The presence of sea-salt material along the North-Sea coast enhances PM >1 -concentrations compared to inland levels. High-particle numbers are encountered on motorways correlating with traffic intensity; the largest average number concentration is measured on the ring motorway around Amsterdam: about 160 000 cm À3 (traffic intensity 100 000 veh day À1 ). Peak values occur in tunnels where numbers exceed 10 6 cm À3 . Enhanced PM 1 levels (i.e. larger than 9 mg m À3 ) exist on motorways, major traffic roads and in tunnels. The concentrations of PM >1 appear rather uniformly distributed (below 6 mg m À3 for most observations). On the urban scale, (large) spatial variations in concentration can be explained by varying intensities of traffic and driving patterns. The highest particle numbers are measured while being in traffic congestions or when behind a heavy diesel-driven vehicle (up to 600 Â 10 3 cm À3 ). Relatively high numbers are observed during the passages of crossings and, at a decreasing rate, on main roads with much traffic, quiet streets and residential areas with limited traffic. The number concentration exhibits a larger variability than mass: the mass concentration on city roads with much traffic is 12% higher than in a residential area at the edge of the same city while the number of particles changes by a factor of two (due to the presence of the ultrafine particles (aerodynamic diameter o100 nm). It is further indicated that people residing at some 100 m downwind a major traffic source are exposed to (still) 40% more particles than those living in the urban background areas. r