Forage Yield and Competition Indices of Triticale and Barley Mixed Intercropping with Common Vetch and Grasspea in the Mediterranean Region (original) (raw)
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TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, 2015
Introduction Cereals and legumes are important crops providing energy and protein sources for livestock animals. Since the arable crop lands and ranges in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey have been diminishing, intercropping systems may constitute a better approach for increasing forage yield per unit area. About 10 million km 2 areas around the world have a Mediterranean climate, including parts of the USA, Chile, Australia, South Africa, as well as Mediterranean countries (Iglesias, 2000). In such regions, legume and cereal mixtures have shown significant potential for higher forage yield and better soil conservation (Anil et al., 1998). Mixtures of legumes with cereals are expected to have advantages over pure stands in terms of forage yield and quality. In vetch-cereal intercroppings, cereals provide structural support for vetch growth, improving light absorption and allowing mechanical harvest (Lithourgidis et al., 2006). Furthermore, cereals are rich in carbohydrates while legumes are rich in proteins, serving a better digestive and nutritious feed for animals. Intercropping of cereallegume species is also widespread due to its advantages for soil conservation (Anil et al., 1998), weed control, lodging resistance (Karagic et al., 2011), higher yield, and increased fodder quality (Lithourgidis et al., 2006). Different small grain cereals and vetches have been successfully used in cereal-legume intercropping systems (Dhima et al., 2007; Karagic et al., 2011; Lithourgidis et al., 2011). Since a greater proportion of dry matter produced by barley during blooming and inflorescence is digestible and nutritious, barley is considered a superior quality forage crop compared to other cereals (Carr et al., 2004). Common vetch is a popular legume used for fresh and dry fodder and silage production in Turkey. Hungarian vetch, on the other hand, is under increasing demand due to its productivity. Strydhorst et al. (2008) reported that barley intercrops with legumes improve forage quality compared Abstract: Forage mixtures are common agricultural practices for the energy and protein needs of animals. In this study, common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mixtures in different seeding rates were investigated in terms of forage yield and quality. In order to evaluate the effect of vetch, cereal intercropping and the competition/ economic indices of 8 different legume-barley mixtures, along with their pure stands, were assessed during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growth seasons in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The field experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications for each year. Intercropping indices were calculated by means of land equivalent ratio (LER), aggressivity (A), crowding ratio (CR), and actual yield loss (AYL). Competition indices revealed that both the common vetch-barley and the Hungarian vetch-barley intercroppings at a seeding ratio of 80%:20%, respectively, were advantageous due to their high yield, land use efficiency, and economic value compared to other mixtures or pure stands. All samples were analyzed for quality parameters such as dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content. While digestible dry matter (DDM) content did not differ among treatments, CP, NDF, ADF, TDN (total digestible nutrients), DDM, RFV (relative feed value), and NE 1 (net energy for lactation) content significantly differed among the different vetches-barley mixtures (P < 0.01). The results emphasize that both vetch species combined with barley and using the seeding ratio of 80% vetch:20% barley should be profitable for farmers in terms of implementation and maximum yield per unit area under Eastern Mediterranean conditions.
Evaluation of Forage Yield and Competition Indices for Intercropped Barley and Legumes
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 2015
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), vetch (Vicia villosa), and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) monocultures as well as mixtures of barley with each of the above legumes, in three seeding ratios (i.e., barley: legume 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75, based on seed numbers) were used to investigated forage yield and competition indices. The results showed that intercropping reduced the dry matter yield of the three component plants, compared with their respective monocrops. The greatest value of total dry matter yield was obtained from barley 25grasspea 75 (5.44 t ha-1) mixture, followed by grass pea sole crop (4.99 t ha-1). The total actual yield loss (AYL) values were positive and greater than 0 in all mixtures, indicating an advantage from intercropping over sole crops. Intercropped barley had a higher relative crowding coefficient (K=1.64) than intercropped legumes (K=1.20), indicating that barley was more competitive than legumes in mixtures. Furthermore, grass pea was more competitive than vetch in mixtures with barley. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER), system productivity index (SPI) and monetary advantage index (MAI) were obtained when barley was mixed at a rate of 25% with 75% seed rate of grass pea. It is concluded that intercropping of barley with grass pea has a good potential to improve the performance of forage with high land-use efficiency.
Competition and dry matter yield in intercrops of barley and legume for forage
2014
For increasing land use efficiency intercropping plays a pivotal role. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), vetch (Vicia villosa), and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) monocultures as well as mixtures of barley with each of the above legumes, in three seeding ratios (i.e., barley: legume 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75, based on seed numbers) were used to investigated forage yield and competition indices such as land equivalent ratio (LER),competitive ratio (CR), relative crowding coefficient (RCC), aggressivity (A), actual yield loss (AYL), monetary advantage index (MAI) and intercropping advantage (IA).The experimental was arranged asa randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.The results showed that intercropping reduced the dry matter yield of the three component plants, compared with their respective monocrops. The greatest value of total dry matter yield was obtained from barley25grass pea75 (5.44 t ha ) mixture, followed by grass pea sole crop (4.99 t ha). The total AYL v...
Plant density and mixture ratio effects on the competition between common vetch and wheat
Australian Journal of Crop Science
Mixtures of annual forage legumes with winter small grains for forage are practiced traditionally in the Mediterranean countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of variable seed mixture rates and different plant densities on the forage yield. The study also investigated the competition effects among mixture partners in the mixture of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivium L.). Field trials were conducted at two locations (L1, Hatay and L2, Adana) during the 2008-09 and 2009-10 growing seasons. Three plant densities (200, 400, 600 plants m -2) and five seed mixture ratios (100 % V, 75% V + 25% W, 50% V + 50% W, 25% V + 75% W, 100 % W) of common vetch (V) and wheat (W) were used. The results of the study showed that increased plant density in the mixture resulted in increased dry matter yield per unit area. In addition, increased seed ratio of wheat in the mixture caused increased dry matter yield per unit area. Also, elevated dry mat...
INTERCROPPING IN A TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENT FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION IN DRYLAND CONDITIONS.
The basic objective of the experiment was to determine vetch and cereal intercropping for forage yield in dryland conditions. The experiment was conducted under Tekirdag-Turkey ecological conditions during 2013-2015 years. Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.), Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were used as plant material of vetch ? cereal mixtures. Plant height, branch number per plant, fresh forage yield, and dry forage yield were determined. Significant differences were found among vetch ? cereal mixtures for plant height, branch number per plant, fresh forage yield and dry forage yield. The two years average data showed that vetch ? cereal mixture performed better under dryland conditions in terms of fresh and dry forage yield. Narbon vetch+oat, Hungarian vetch + barley double mixtures, and common vetch+Narbon vetch+barley triple mixture was recommended for forage production in Tekirdag-Turkey dryland conditions
Agronomy, 2021
The crop yield and quality of seven annual forages (four grasses and three legumes) in sole crop and in mixtures (ratio 50:50) for oat (Avena sativa L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were evaluated in a two-year field experiment adopting two harvesting times, green fodder and silage. The main bio-agronomic traits, dry matter forage yield (DMY) and quantity of crude protein (CP) were determined in both sole crop and intercrop. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was used for evaluating biological efficiency and competitive ability of the intercrops. Our results showed that the total calculated LER for fodder and protein yields was always greater than one and corresponded to crop yield advantages of 16.0% and 11.5%, respectively. Our data also highlighted the low competitive ability of the ryegrass in intercrop, wh...
Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio
Field Crops Research, 2007
A 2-year field study was conducted using common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) pure stands as well as two common vetch-cereal mixtures for silage with each of the above four cereals in two seeding ratios (i.e., vetch:cereal 55:45 and 65:35, based on seed numbers) to determine the competition among the different species and the economics of each intercropping system. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of several existing intercropping indices such as land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC or K), aggressivity (A), competitive ratio (CR), actual yield loss (AYL), monetary advantage index (MAI), and intercropping advantage (IA). The LER and K values were greater for the common vetch-wheat (55:45) and the common vetch-oat (65:35) mixtures indicating that in these systems, there was an advantage of intercropping for exploiting the resources of the environment. A similar trend to that of LER and K was also observed for AYL. The aggressivity, CR and partial AYL values were greater for barley and oat than for wheat and triticale, whereas the corresponding values for common vetch were lower in mixtures with barley and oat than in mixtures with wheat and triticale. These findings indicate that barley and oat were more competitive partners than wheat and triticale as common vetch was affected more in mixtures with these two crops. The highest MAI and IA values were recorded for the common vetch-wheat (55:45) and the common vetch-oat (65:35) mixtures indicating that these intercropping systems were the most profitable. #
Grass and Forage Science, 2009
The effects of intercropping on dry weight (DW) of herbage and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants of two winter cereals, barley and wheat, and two legumes, white lupin and common vetch, were investigated, and above-and below-ground competition were separated in a fully factorial additive design. Intercropping increased DW compared with the sole species and the increase was higher for the cereals and lupin than for cereals and vetch intercropping systems. Above-ground competition for light reduced DW of cereals and lupin while it did not influence the DW of vetch. Processes involved in below-ground competition increased shoot growth of cereals and reduced shoot growth of legumes. N nutrition of cereals was enhanced by below-ground competition with legumes and N nutrition of vetch was enhanced by above-ground competition with cereals. Cereals had a higher competitive ability than legumes as a result of their below-ground competitive ability. The interaction between above-and below-competition is not predictable: negative, positive and no interaction (additivity) between different types of competition were found. In low-input intercropping systems, when a N-fixing species is present, the mixture of the roots of components is important for the utilization of the soil resources and, when a climbing species is also present, the mixture of shoots can result in an increased utilization of light.
Sustainable production of barley and wheat by intercropping common vetch
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2007
Intercropping legumes with cereals for forage production is a sustainable technique showing several environmental benefits. We studied yields, quality and the growth rate of a 2-year experiment including (1) sole crops of common vetch, barley and winter wheat, and (2) intercrops of common vetch with barley and winter wheat using seeding ratios of 55:45 and 65:35. Our results show that the greatest dry matter yields were obtained with wheat and barley sole crops. The lowest yield was obtained with common vetch sole crop. The intercrops produced about 13-30% more dry matter than the common vetch sole crop, but 12-23% less than cereal sole crops. Further, the growth rate of common vetch and cereals was greater when species were grown as sole crops than in intercrops. Quality components indicated an advantage for the sole crop of common vetch followed by its intercrop with barley at the 65:35 seeding ratio, which exhibited higher crude protein yield than the sole crop of cereals and the other intercrops. The results of this study indicate that common vetch intercrops with barley or winter wheat produced higher dry matter than common vetch sole crop. In addition, the intercrop of common vetch with barley (65:35) provided higher forage quality than the other intercrops. Our study highlights that vetch-cereal intercropping can be used as an alternative cropping system which combines sustainability due to N fixation from common vetch, and high yield and forage quality. cereal / crude protein / growth rate / legume
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2009
This study was carried to determine the best seed mixture of vetch and triticale for East Mediterranean rainfed conditions of Turkey. The experiments were conducted in two locations, Adana and Kozan, during the years of 2003 - 2005. The field trials were arranged in a randomised block design with three replications. In the research, pure stands of vetch and triticale and their seed mixtures (80% vetch + 20% triticale, 60% vetch + 40% triticale, 40% vetch + 60% triticale, 20% vetch + 80% triticale) were studied. Crude protein concentrations, hay and crude protein yields of pure stands and the mixtures and the percentage of vetch in the dry matter yield were determined. In addition to these, relative yield total (RYT) values were calculated for the mixtures. The study showed that the characters studied were significantly influenced by years, locations and mixtures. According to the averaged values of two years, the seed mixture containing 20% vetch and 80% triticale gave highest dry m...