Antioxidant loaded emulsions entrapped in liposomes produced using a supercritical assisted technique (original) (raw)
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Production of liposomes loaded with antioxidants using a supercritical CO2 assisted process
Powder Technology, 2018
To preserve benefic effects of antioxidants, they can be protected using a drug carrier. Conventional processes for the production of antioxidants-loaded carriers suffer of some drawbacks that can be overcome using Supercritical Assisted Liposome Formation (SuperLip). In this work, SuperLip was used to encapsulate an amphiphilic (eugenol, EUG) and a lipophilic (α-lipoic acid, ALA) antioxidant in liposome vesicles. EUG loaded liposomes were produced with a mean diameter of about 200 nm and demonstrated to be stable for at least 40 days. Eugenol was entrapped in the inner core and in the lipophilic double layer, with Encapsulation Efficiencies (EE) up to 94.2 ± 2.9%. Liposomes with a mean diameter of about 230 nm loaded with ALA in the lipidic layer were also successfully produced, with EE up to 68.1 ± 6.1%. Free-radical scavenging assay results indicated that EUG and ALA antioxidant power was preserved after processing; a reduction of the inhibition power, compared to the un-processed molecule, in the range between 6% and 13% was obtained. Drug release tests were also performed at 30°C and 60°C, showing that these liposomes are temperature sensitive.
Chemical engineering transactions, 2017
Liposomes are spherical vesicles formed by a inner aqueous core and a double lipidic layer around it. Conventional techniques for the production of liposomes are characterized by several drawbacks, like the production of micrometric vesicles, a difficult control of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) and low encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of hydrophilic compounds. Many supercritical semi-continuous techniques were proposed in literature. They are successful in the intent of producing liposomes of smaller diameter, but the EE of hydrophilic compounds and the reproducibility are still a challenge. For this reason, it was recently proposed a new supercritical process whose aim is to invert the steps of production of liposomes, by first creating water droplets and then to fast surround them by phospholipids. We discovered that the high diffusion coefficient of phospholipids in supercritical carbon dioxide allows a fast coverage of water droplets preserving the drug content into the li...
Supercritical assisted process for the encapsulation of olive pomace extract into liposomes
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2018
Polyphenols occurring in nature are sensible to light, heat and oxygen. For this reason, it is necessary to entrap them into drug carriers, such as liposomes. In this work, the Supercritical assisted Liposome formation process (SuperLip) was used for the encapsulation of a polyphenol-rich aqueous extract from olive pomace. The effect on liposome morphology and encapsulation efficiency of different operative parameters was studied. Liposomes were produced with mean diameters smaller than 265 nm at 130 bar and down to 168 nm for 170 bar. Narrower liposome distribution curves were obtained changing the nozzle diameter for the atomization of water. Encapsulation efficiencies up to 58% were obtained, that are about six times larger than using conventional methods.
Development and Evaluation of Emulsion-Liposome Blends for Resveratrol Delivery
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2006
Nano-and submicron-sized vesicles are beneficial for the controlled delivery of drugs. Resveratrol, the main active polyphenol in red wine, was incorporated into various combinations of emulsions and liposomes to examine its physicochemical characteristics and cardiovascular protection. The blends of emulsion-liposome were composed of coconut oil, soybean lecithin, glycerol formal, and non-ionic surfactants. Multiple systems were assessed by evaluating the droplet size, surface charge, drug encapsulation, release rate, and stability. The vesicle diameter of the systems ranged from 114 to 195 nm. The liposomal vesicles in the systems had smaller diameters (of 43 ∼ 56 nm) (F6 and F7). Drug encapsulation of ∼70% were achieved by the vesicles. The inclusion of resveratrol in these systems retarded the drug release in both the presence and absence of plasma in vitro. The emulsion-liposome blends which incorporated Brij 98 (F5) exhibited the slowest release at zeroorder for resveratrol delivery. Treatment using resveratrol in the blended formulations dramatically inhibited vascular intimal thickening, which was tested in an experimental model in which endothelial injury was produced in normal rat carotid arteries. Intraperitoneal injection of the multiple systems was associated with no or negligible liver and kidney toxicity. We concluded that encapsulation by the emulsion-liposome blends is a potent way to enhance the preventative and therapeutic benefits of resveratrol.
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2021
Liposomes play a significant role in encapsulation of various bioactive compounds (BACs), including functional food ingredients to improve the stability of core. This technology can be used for promoting an effective application in functional food and nutraceuticals. Incorporation of traditional and emerging methods for the developments of liposome for loading BACs resulted in viable and stable liposome formulations for industrial applications. Thus, the advance technologies such as supercritical fluidic methods, microfluidization, ultrasonication with traditional methods are revisited. Liposomes loaded with plant and animal BACs have been introduced for functional food and nutraceutical applications. In general, application of liposome systems improves stability, delivery, and bioavailability of BACs in functional food systems and nutraceuticals. This review covers the current techniques and methodologies developed and practiced in liposomal preparation and application in functional foods.
Foods, 2020
Acquisition of a healthy lifestyle through diet has driven the food manufacturing industry to produce new food products with high nutritional quality. In this sense, consumption of bioactive compounds has been associated with a decreased risk of suffering chronic diseases. Nonetheless, due to their low solubility in aqueous matrices, high instability in food products during processing and preparation as well as poor bioavailability, the use of such compounds is sometimes limited. Recent advancements in encapsulation and protection of bioactive compounds has opened new possibilities for the development of novel food products. In this direction, the present review is attempting to describe encapsulation achievements, with special attention to nanostructured lipid-based delivery systems, i.e., nanoemulsions, multi-layer emulsions and liposomes. Functionality of bioactive compounds is directly associated with their bioavailability, which in turn is governed by several complex processes,...
Encapsulation of Lipid-Soluble Bioactives by Nanoemulsions
Molecules, 2020
Lipid-soluble bioactives are important nutrients in foods. However, their addition in food formulations, is often limited by limited solubility and high tendency for oxidation. Lipid-soluble bioactives, such as vitamins A, E, D and K, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and essential oils are generally dispersed in water-based solutions by homogenization. Among the different homogenization technologies available, nanoemulsions are one of the most promising. Accordingly, this review aims to summarize the most recent advances in nanoemulsion technology for the encapsulation of lipid-soluble bioactives. Modern approaches for producing nanoemulsion systems will be discussed. In addition, the challenges on the encapsulation of common food ingredients, including the physical and chemical stability of the nanoemulsion systems, will be also critically examined.
Langmuir, 2006
High-pressure carbon dioxide in contact with water dissolves to form carbonic acid, causing a decrease in pH. By use of these characteristics of a CO 2 /H 2 O biphasic system, chitosan-coated cationic liposomes of L-R-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were successfully prepared by an improved supercritical reverse-phase evaporation (ISCRPE) method. Liposome-chitosan complexes carrying a positive charge were prepared in a single-step procedure without the use of acid or organic solvent, including ethanol. The maximum trapping efficiency of liposomes prepared by the ISCRPE method was 17%, with or without the addition of chitosan, compared to only 2% for liposomes prepared by the Bangham method. Furthermore, the liposomal dispersion was stable at room temperature in a sealed tube for over 30 days.
Processes
Liposomes continue to attract great interest due to their increased bioavailability in the body and because the substances encapsulated are protected while maintaining their effectiveness. The aim of this study is to obtain “giant” liposomes by lipid film hydration using a preparation formula with two different phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Firstly, the macro- and microscopic characterization, total phenols content and antioxidant capacity of the plant Stellaria media (L.) Vill. were assessed. Then, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. extract was encapsulated in both formulations (PCE and PSE) and the liposomes were characterized according to their morphology, size distribution and Zeta potential using optical microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the values of both formulations were compared. PC and PCE liposomes with a diameter between 712 and 1000 nm and PS and ...