Personal Safety and the Mixed Economy of Protection (original) (raw)
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Private security and the public safety
Journal of Urban Economics, 1978
The demand for private protection and the effect of such protective measures on the level of crime are examined. Private protection may reduce a household's expected victimization rate either by deterring some crime or by diverting crime to other households. The greater the relative importance of the latter effect, the more likely a community is to "tip" in the direction of deserting the streets at night and taking other precautions. Data on crime and protection are analyzed, but they are inadequate for a full estimation of the model. The paper concludes with a normative analysis of protection and implications for social policy.
Personal and Structural Security from the Perspective of Social Sciences
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP, 2022
The subject of the research presented in this publication is personal and structural security in terms of social sciences. The article characterizes the evolution of the concepts of personal and structural security in terms of social sciences. The category of security may be found in many fields of science and its individual disciplines. This makes security a polysemantic concept and acquires diverse meanings depending on science, discipline or practice [33]. In social sciences, it is situated within the area of needs and values. Consequently by comparing the above-discussed classifications of security approaches, one may reasonably conclude that the coupling between personal security (which directly concerns individual subjects-the person/individual) and structural security (which indirectly concerns those involved in social relations) has the dimension of a relationship with double connotations. In the case of certain security systems, when the individual's sense of security (personal security) is affected by a threat, the effective functioning of the system (structural security) depends to a large extent on the ability to act of officers who may be considered as components of individual subsystems [29]. Their ability to act under threat (personal security) determines the effectiveness of the specific security system (structural security), and hence the sense of security of ordinary citizens who expect it to be restored (personal security). The state's duties with respect to personal security of the citizens include not only their obligation to recognise hazards, prevent them and eliminate their consequences but also a special duty to take action to provide soldiers and officers with adequate equipment for their tasks, training, legal regulations and a system of support in the event of any injury to health [30]. In the latter area, it is imperative to have an effective medical and psychological support system organized, both before and after being assigned to particular tasks. It is also essential to ensure an adequate level of legal safety, indicating precise boundaries of powers and responsibilities to the entities obliged to perform safety tasks. The results of the analysis discussed in the publication allow making a presumption that the link between personal security (relating directly to individual entities-a person / an individual) and structural security (relating indirectly to entities involved in social relations) has the dimension of a relationship with double connotations.
Prevention or repression? The false dilemma of citizen security
There is a marked contrast between the growing sense of insecurity among the population and the absence of consolidated statistics that would allow the phenomenon to be measured more objectively. This article seeks to make a contribution to the knowledge of the situation of citizen insecurity affecting the region, taking a comparative view based on the limited and not always reliable information available and looking at the problem from various standpoints, both social and economic. The authors begin by examining some manifestations of criminal violence in the 1990s, especially in urban areas, after which they review the most important theories on the study of violence, the profiles of victims and attackers, traditional and emerging forms of delinquency, the frequent relation between violence and unemployment, the economic cost of violence and delinquency, and the main policies adopted to deal with them. They then go on to examine the measures taken in the region with regard to citizen security, which have shown the need to use more integral forms of prevention (primary and secondary) and control for dealing with criminal violence and to consolidate the systems of crime statistics of the region in order to be able to identify the factors with the greatest incidence on criminal violence and the less visible forms taken by the latter.
Personal Security within the Human Security Paradigm
Security Dimensions International & National Studies
This paper attempts to answer the question of for whom is security relevant, and whether security is a category which constitutes the point of reference to the idea of personal security. until very recently, security was associated with threats originating from the political and military situation of the state, not individuals. the traditional system was based on the state-centric approach to security. the idea of human security, on the other hand, in contrast to the traditional system, expands the definition of security threats. Human security combines the security of individuals with that of the state. the article focuses on examining the relations between the security of the state the idea of human security. analysing those relations allowed for the development of the term: personal security.
Personal Security and the 'Right' to Protection
Social Policy and Administration, 2006
Welfare organizations and social services deal with issues of personal security. They are involved in risk assessment and in the protection of individuals and families. However, their mission in this domain is not defined, and its boundaries are not set. The article discusses the right to personal security. The duty of the state to guarantee this right is stated by international declarations and conventions that were ratified by the United Kingdom, as well as the European Convention on Human Rights that was adopted into domestic English law. In the application of the right to personal security, and the state's duty to secure this right, two independent processes are taking place. First, in the United Kingdom, the English courts are reluctant to recognize an affirmative right to personal security and to impose on state and public agencies a duty to secure this right. Second, as in many other service areas, this duty is rendered to the community. It is vital for the social services to discuss this duty, especially when they are called to vouch for the personal security of individuals and families in the community.
Human Security: a Need and a Challenge
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2014
The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the fact that everyone should contribute to the security aspects, that includes individuals, the society and the state. Each one of us want to live without fear from everyday risks and threats which happen in our surrounding. Nevertheless, each one of us should give our contribution to make this happen, with the purpose of protecting our lives in the same scale as we expect from the society and the state to provide that security. The purpose of this link or relationship of interest between the individual and the society is to reciprocally increase the societal and individual security. Thus, people should protect their lives as strongly as they expect from the society/state to do so. From the context of security provided by the society/state, we want to emphasize that the protection of our community from crime is one of the protection functions of the criminal law, while on the other hand the legal security is an element of rule of law. Criminal law is tasked with safeguarding citizens, by protecting human life, bodily integrity, rights and freedoms, honor, authority, equality and safety and security of the citizens. Security at its broader political and legal meaning includes defence measures and activities for protecting from the endangering of the independence and integrity of the country (nation) and the internal constitutional and legal order. Security as a constitutional value and need should defend the public order, the state and its citizens as well as enable unimpeded functioning of the institutions in all of its segments. On the contrary, the lack of trust of citizens in the judiciary impacts every individual member of the society in the form of legal insecurity which leads to self-judgment with all its destructive elements of this phenomenon. The modern concepts of security everyday and more are based on the obligation of states but also of its citizens, to establish the feeling of collective security based on the principle that "whoever lives and acts in a respective country has the right to feel free." Democratic countries while preparing their policies in the security field, as a very essential and sensitive issue in all aspects of life and of special importance worldwide, try to increase the feeling of social, economical and political security of the nation and its institution towards threats and risks, and they do so by among others by preparing documents, strategies and other above mentioned policies.
2001
The concept of public safety is analyzed within an economic framework. The paper discusses the role that factors such as residential stability, education, socioeconomic disadvantage and income inequality play in shaping the demand for public safety, via current levels of crime. These factors contribute to the formation and preservation of social trust, inclusiveness, voluntary cooperation, restraint, poverty and inequality among the members of communities. Communities with low levels of social capital tend to experience high levels of crime which increases demand for public safety in the form of imposed or enforced law and order. These ideas are tested by fitting a model to data for Local Government Areas in the mainland Eastern Australian states.
Personal Security – An Individual Responsibility
Terrorist threats and increasing criminal activity have become an emergent concern for the people of today's era. Even terrorism alone encompass most of the violence faced by people as 'it is any act of force or violence that is either meant to cause terror or does by its effects cause terror among civilians'1. Like previous years, this year again, hundreds of executives, tourists, and students will be robbed, attacked, kidnapped, and murdered. Most of these events could be prevented by adherence to the basic principles of personal security and safety. Unfortunately many people are unaware of these principles or advertently/inadvertently tend to ignore them. In order to make sure the personal security of the people, we need to change the trend. The only way to reduce chances of becoming a victim is to learn how to make ourselves to security hazards. We must beget awareness about our personal security.
Some Issues of Protection of Citizens from Dangers in the Modern World
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY, 2022
The article deals with the dangers encountered in the life of mankind, which threaten the existence of civilization and the human population in the modern world. The issues of protecting citizens from all kinds of natural and man-made hazards, as well as from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions at this stage and in the future, are also considered.