Effect of Non Starch Polysaccharides on Blood Lipid Metabolites Organ Weights Intestinal Mucin Production and Endogenous Losses in Weaner Pigs and Protein Digestion in Broiler Chickens a Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Applied Science Animal ... (original) (raw)
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Scientia Agraria Paranaensis, 2017
The corn and soybean are the major constituents in pigs diets, however, there is a constant search for nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs) food sources to feed pigs at different production stages. This review objective is to provide grants to improve the NSPs knowledge, in relation to their influence on the nutrients digestibility and availability in diets for pigs in different production stages. NSPs are macromolecules simple sugar polymers (monosaccharides) resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis in pigs’ gastrointestinal tract due to the connections type between the existing units of low molecular weight carbohydrates, but subject to hydrolysis in the large intestine through microbial fermentation. Its inclusion in pig nutrition have shown positive effects on productivity, by reducing costs, by acting positively on physiology to improve enzyme secretion and digestibility in the initial phase, by acting as an energy source in the growth phase, the positive effects on carcass quality or to ...
British Journal of Nutrition, 1993
Physico-chemical properties of dietary fibres might be involved in metabolic control, particularly of the postprandial blood glucose response. The aim of the present study was to look at the effects of the content of soluble fibres and of the particle size of solid fibres onin vitroandin vivostarch hydrolysis and on the subsequent glucose absorption as well as the triacylglycerolaemia. Two sources of dietary fibres, one, with soluble fibres (beet pulp), the other with mostly insoluble fibres (wheat bran), were added at the rate of 60 g/kg to a meal simulating human food. The fibre sources were ground in order to obtain two different particle sizes (250 and 500 μm). Beet pulp decreased significantly (P< 0·05) initialin vitrohydrolysis whereas wheat bran increased starch hydrolysis in the first 10 min. Wheat bran and beet pulp, whatever its particle size, lowered the post-prandial triacylglycerol response. No significant effect was found with dietary fibre-supplemented diets on pos...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001
The growth of broiler chicks and the mechanisms underlying responses to diets supplemented with commercial non-starch polysaccharides were evaluated. The supplements varied in viscosity and chemical structure and evaluation was conducted over two feeding periods. The viscosity of the four supplements tested ranged from 1.38 cP for alginic acid (AL) to over 2000 cP for guar gum (GG) and gum xanthan (GX). The whole diet followed a similar trend. The ileal digesta viscosity was signi®cantly highest (P`0X001) in chicks that were fed the GX diet. Over a period of 7 days of feeding the diets, there was a signi®cant reduction (P`0X001) in the ®nal body weight and weight gain of chickens on diets supplemented with GG and GX. Supplementation with GG and GX also resulted in a deterioration (P`0X001) in FCR. The weight of the small intestine was higher (P`0X001) on the GG-supplemented diet than on the other diets while small intestinal ®ll was increased by the presence of GG and GX. There was no signi®cant variation in the mucosal morphometry of birds on the different diets. Jejunal maltase and sucrase activities were highest (P`0X001) in chicks that were fed the AL-supplemented diet and lowest in chicks fed the GX-supplemented diet. The activity of aminopeptidase N in the ileum was stimulated (P`0X05) by GX. The uptake of L-tryptophan into brush-border membrane vesicles was unaffected by NSP supplement. After a second period of feeding the diets containing NSP at half the level present in the ®rst period, ®nal body weight and weight gain were signi®cantly higher (P`0X001) on the gum arabic (GA)-supplemented diet than on the other diets. Absolute feed intake (P`0X05), feed intake per unit of initial body weight (P`0X001) and FCR (P`0X001) were signi®cantly affected by the supplements, being higher in chicks on the GX-supplemented diet than on the other diets. The weight (P`0X001) and capacity (P`0X01) of the small intestine were highest in chicks on the GG-and GX-supplemented diets, respectively. The crypt depth of the jejunal mucosa was Animal Feed Science and Technology 89 (2001) 175±188
Animal Nutrition, 2015
We investigated the pattern of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) digestion along the gut of pigs fed two different wheats, which were offered with or without xylanase supplementation. The two wheats used were pre-characterised before the experiment on the basis of low and normal feed intake of young pigs. Wheat type significantly influenced feed intake and growth rate in the first 7 days, however, by day 14 the only significant effect of wheat type was on growth rate. Xylanase supplementation increased the growth performance of pigs fed the poor quality wheat to a level similar to those fed the normal wheat. It also increased the daily gain of pigs fed the normal wheat. Wheat type had no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter (DM), energy, free sugars or the different fractions of NSP in the duodenum, ileum or in the faeces. The duodenal gross energy digestibility values for the low and high performance diets were À 27.4 and À 47.5%, respectively, and xylanase supplementation significantly increased the digestibility of energy back to positive levels. Dry matter digestibility values followed a similar pattern. In the duodenum, xylanase increased (P o 0.05) the digestibility values of both soluble and insoluble NSP, whereas in the ileum, xylanase had a significant effect only on the digestibility of the soluble NSP fraction. Xylanase did not affect free sugar digestibility. The reduction in soluble NSP level coincided with a marked reduction in the amount of fucose, a prominent component of mucosal polysaccharides. This suggests that soluble NSP substantially increase endogenous losses. The absence of differences in the digestibility of the measured NSP between the two wheat samples suggests that the structures of the NSP, rather than just their amount and solubility, are important for the anti-nutritional properties of NSP in pig diets.
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 2017
The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 625 broiler chicks (Ross 308) for 5 repetitions (25 birds per each replicated) on the 5 treatments diet. Treatments included two different types of cereal grains (wheat, and barley) with or without an enzyme supplementation along with a corn-based diet as control group. The experimental diets were formulated to have similar contents of crude protein, metabolizable energy, total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and were fed in two periods of starter and grower. Experimental traits were consisted growth performance, ileal flora numeration, villus morphology in 3 parts of the intestine, digesta viscosity and pancreatic enzyme activity, and determining the gene expression level of glucose transporter (SGLT1) and mucin producer (MUC2) in the jejunum. Results indicated that inclusion of wheat and barley to corn-soy based diet with or without exo-enzymes blend on growth performance traits were significant (p<0.01). Feed intake and average daily gain in wheat diet was lower, conversely FCR was higher than other groups (p<0.01). Maximum microbial count were observed in wheat and barley diets and minimum were observed in enzyme supplemented diets respectively (p<0.01). Control group and enzyme supplemented diets had minimum counting of gram negative, coliform and clostridium, but maximum counting of lactobacilli and bifidobacter were observed in enzyme supplemented diets (p<0.01). Viscosity and activities of pancreatic α-amylase and lipase were significantly increased in chicks fed wheat and barley when compared to the control group fed on corn (p<0.01). Feeding wheat and barley diets reduced villus height in different parts of the small intestine when compared to those fed on a corn diet (p<0.01). Gene expression level of glucose transporter (SGLT1) and mucin producer (MUC2) in jejunum was significantly affected by the inclusion of wheat and barley to corn-soy based diet with or without exo-enzymes blend (p<0.01). In conclusion, the inclusion of wheat and barley to corn-soy based diet without enzyme supplementation has an adverse effect on growth, ileal microflora villi morphology, digesta viscosity, pancreatic enzyme activity, and gene expression level of nutrient transporters. However, enzyme supplemented to wheat and barley diets significantly improved those traits, and restored the negative effects.
International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine, 2017
Growth and physiological characteristics of meat-type chicken such as serum immunoglobulin concentration, digesta pH and viscosity, pancreatic enzyme activity, organelle weights, and gene expression of intestinal GLUT2 of chickens was studied by means of 375 day-old chicks which randomly assigned to three treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized design. Two different types of cereal-based diets (wheat, and barley) were used as experimental groups and a corn-based diet was also considered to serve as control group. All diets had similar contents of crude protein, energy, and total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Results indicated that different dietary source of NSP had significantly (P<0.01) affected growth traits, so barley and wheat diets had maximum feed intake and feed conversion rate, inversely minimum weight gain than corn diet. Intestinal physicochemical characteristics such as pH and viscosity of digesta significantly (P<0.01) changed by different dietary source of NSP. Wheat and barley diets had minimum pH, and inversely maximum viscosity compared to corn diet. The maximum values of fat pad and liver percentage, in contrary, minimum values of pancreas and gut length belonged to corn diet (P<0.01). Serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG and IgM for wheat and barley diets were higher than their counterparts fed on corn (P<0.01). Gene expression of intestinal GLUT2 of chickens based on mean fold change after feeding of wheat or barley was at upper level compared to corn diet (P<0.01). In conclusion, based on findings of present study, feeding of different dietary NSP sources to broiler chickens significantly affected growth traits and internal organelle percentages, as well as physiological and immune responses. Also gene expression of intestinal GLUT2 well affected by cereal NSP sources through feeding of wheat or barley.
2008
The NSP in cereal grains are composed predominantly of arabinoxylans (pentosans), beta glucans and cellulose. The main soluble NSP in these grains are arabinoxylans, while in barley and oats the are betaglucans. In this experiment we want to establish the influence of NSPs and NSPi from barley on nutritive and bioproductive indices at broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out on 120 broiler chickens divided in four experimental groups (CL, EL1, EL2 and EL3). The difference between the experimental groups was the different percentage of barley in the structure of combined forage and it was between 0 and 30% in the growth period from eclosion to 21 days and between 0 and 40% from 22 till 42 days of age. On the entire growth period the smallest forage consumption was registered by the control group, which had no barley in the structure of combined forage and registered the smallest values of NSPs and NSPi. The body weight at experimental groups was smaller with 3.25% but the dif...
Non-starch carbohydrates: Digestion and its secondary effects in monogastrics
Non-starch carbohydrates (NSC) include non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. A large portion of NSC is digested by the microflora of the large intestine in pigs, can contribute up to 50% of the dietary energy. But NSC digestibility is lower in the chicken because its capacity to obtain energy fermentation appears to be limited to an estimated amount of 24kJ per day. This is equivalent to only 2-3% of the dietary energy supply. The NSC comprise a large number of diverse molecules, which can affect the gut microflora of monogastric as well as may bring about changes to the endocrine systems, immune systems and the dynamic of the gut. These effects may be exacerbated during the process of digestion, particularly, in the presence of glycanase feed supplements. In addition, the digestibility of NSC is affected by animal species, the chemical structure, solubility and the absolute amount present in the diet. The current paper will focus on the digestibility of NSP and discuss the relationship between digestibility and chemical structure, solubility, and quantity of NSP in pig and poultry diets. The digestibility of oligosacchardes and its effect on the gut microflora will be briefly discussed.
British Journal of Nutrition, 1993
Pigs (25–45 kg) were fed on either cereal or semi-purified basal diets supplemented with either high or low levels of sugar-beet pulp or wood cellulose (Solka-floc). The apparent digestibility and retention of N and apparent digestibility and metabolizability of energy (GE) and the apparent digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and their constituent monomers were measured during weeks 2, 4 and 6 of the trial. N and GE were less well-digested, retained or metabolized from cereal basal diets than from the corresponding semi-purified diets during all three periods. NSP from sugar-beet pulp was highly digestible, unlike that from Soka-floc which was relatively poorly digested. These differences of NSP digestibility were seen more clearly when incorporated in semi-purified diets. There was no significant increase in the digestibility or retention of N, or digestibility or metabolizability of GE, or in the digestibility of sugar-beet pulp NSP with increasing time-period on the...