Properties of eco-friendly composites: palm kernel shell treated with sodium bicarbonate filled recycled high-density polyethylene (original) (raw)
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Wiley
Palm kernel shell (PKS), a waste from the oil palm industry, has been utilized as filler in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) eco-composites in the present work. The effect of PKS content and coconut oil coupling agent (COCA) on tensile properties, water absorption, and morphological and thermal properties of LDPE/PKS eco-composites was investigated. The results show the increase of PKS content decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break, but increased the tensile modulus, crystallinity, and water absorption of ecocomposites. The presence of COCA as coupling agent improved the filler-matrix adhesion yield to increase the tensile strength, tensile modulus, crystallinity, and reduced water absorption of eco-composites. The better interfacial adhesion between PKS and LDPE with the addition of COCA was also evidenced by scanning electron microscopy studies. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 00:000-000,
The effect of palm kernel shell on the microstructure and mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene (RLDPE) reinforced with palm kernel shell particulate composite was evaluated to assess the possibility of using it as a new material for engineering applications. The composites were produced by compounding and compressive moulding technique by varying the Palm kernel shell particle from 5 -25 vol% with particles size of 150, 300 and 400 µm. The microstructure (SEM/EDS) and the mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The hardness of the composite increases with increase in palm kernel shell content and the tensile strength of the composite increased to optimum of 5 vol%. Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) of the composites surfaces indicates fairly interfacial interaction between the palm kernel shell particles and the RLDPE matrix. The composites produced with 150 µm particle size have the best properties of the entire grade. Hence this grade can be use for interior applications such as car seat, dash board, and car interior for decorative purposes or other interior parts of automobile where high strength is not considered a critical requirement. A. J. OLUMUYIWA ET AL. 826 Plate 1. EDS/SEM morphology of the recycled polyethylene. A. J. OLUMUYIWA ET AL. 827 Plate 2. EDS/SEM morphology of the recycled polyethylene reinforced with 10 vol% at 150 µm size. Plate 3. EDS/SEM morphology of the recycled polyethylene reinforced with 25 vol%, 150 µm size. Plate 4. EDS/SEM morphology of the recycled polyethylene reinforced with 5 vol%, 300 µm size. A. J. OLUMUYIWA ET AL. 828 Plate 5. EDS/SEM morphology of the recycled polyethylene reinforced with 20%, 300 µm size. Plate 6. EDS/SEM morphology of the recycled polyethylene reinforced with 15 vol%, 400 µm size. Plate 7. EDS/SEM morphology of the recycled polyethylene reinforced with 25 vol%, 400 µm size.
Morphology and Thermal Properties of Alkaline Treated Palm Kernel Nut Shell – HDPE Composites
The shells of the nuts of palm tree an African economic tree was used to reinforce High Density Polyethene (HDPE) after the particle size was reduced to 300µm with the aid of a Laboratory Ball Mill. Carvers Two Roll Mill was used for compounding of the materials to ensure proper mixing of the two distinct materials. Microstructure investigation was carried out using Quanta 200 ESEM. The results obtained showed a uniform dispersion of particulates in the polymer matrix and a single fiber pull out for both formulations. Thermal properties of the fabricated composites were also investigated using Palkin Elmer Diamond Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) . The results obtained suggest that the fillers incorporated into the polymer matrix influenced the melting and crystallization temperature of the composites though marginally. The melting and crystallization enthalpy were largely reduced by the alkaline treatment of the shell.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE WASTE FILLED WITH PALM KERNEL SHELL
International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 2021
All over the world, polyethylene wastes has been found littered on the streets of most communities and states. Palm kernel shell (agricultural waste) constitutes dirt and environmental pollution. The aim of this research was to study the potentials of palm kernel shell (PKS) filler as reinforcement for low density polyethylene (LDPE) waste. LDPE-Palm kernel shell composites of varying ratio (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) of LDPE to PKS respectively were produced using the compression moulding technique. Mechanical properties such as water absorption, hardness, young's modulus and tensile strength of the composites were found to increase with increasing PKS loading. The results showed that composites containing 40% of PKS gave the highest tensile strength corresponding to 18.42MPa. The results also indicated that the composites with 50% filler loading gave the highest hardness of 84.25A and water absorption rate which stood at 3.1%. The elongation at break was found to decrease with increasing filler content. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) obtained revealed that the composites with 20% and 50% palm kernel shell had voids and surface cracks.
The Effect of Acetic Acid on Properties of Coconut Shell Filled Low Density Polyethylene Composites
Natural lignocellulosics have an outstanding potential as reinforcement in thermoplastics. Coconut shell is one of natural lignocellulosic material. In this study, coconut shell (CS) was use as filler in low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. The effect of surface treatment of coconut shell (CS) with acetic acid (acetylation) on mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphology were studied. The acetylation treatment has improved the tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus of LDPE/CS composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the acetylated composites has better thermal stability compared to untreated composites at 600 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the esterification treatment increases the crystallinity of LDPE/CS composites. It was found that coconut shell acts as a nucleation agent in the presence of acrylic acid. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of the tensile fracture surface of acetylated composites indicates that the presence of acetic acid increased the interfacial interaction.
2022
In the present work, the composite materials were prepared from coconut shell powder, palm kernel powder, and epoxy resin. The addition of coconut shell powder was considered when preparing the composite samples, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, impact, bending strength, physical behavior water absorption, as well as morphological tests, were conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Thermogravimetric Analysis for both the prepared composite material boards and chipboard. The minimal variation of tensile stress and percentage of elongation between the 50 % coconut shell powder composite material and the wooden chipboard material is 4,44 MPa and 1,00 %, respectively, according to the findings of experimental tests.The lowest compressive stress and hardness variations between coconut shell powder composite material and wooden chipboard are found to be 0,14 MPa and 3,2 MPa, respectively. It is determined that the composite materials made from waste shell powders and epoxy resin are suitable for applications such as panel boards, automotive interior dashboards, roof sheets, and doors.
Polymers
The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER compo...
Improvement of Polyethylene Matrix Composites Using Coconut Shell and Cow Bone Particulates
Kufa Journal of Engineering, 2019
Utilisation of particles of coconut shell and cow bone as reinforcing materials for the production of low density hybrid polyethylene matrix composites by stir casting method was carried out. 50 µm coconut shell and 50 µm cow bone particulates in different proportions (5-25 wt. %) were mixed with polyethylene and the microstructural, physical and mechanical characterisations were determined using standardised methods. The hybrid composite exhibited desirable properties in terms of water absorption (0.3 %) indicating reduced pores/voids. It also exhibited ultimate tensile strength (1.78 MPa) and hardness (12.78 HBN) at 15 wt. % filler addition. The uniform dispersion of the reinforcing particles as observed in the SEM microstructure and the strong adhesion of the particles and polyethylene matrix contributed to the enhancement of the tensile strength and hardness of the composites. Increasing the filler concentration beyond 15 wt. % caused a decrease in the average inter-particle distance/spacing thereby increasing the amount of interparticle stress concentration overlap. This led to higher levels of debonding when tensile stress was applied. This ultimately impaired the tensile strength of the composites. The strain energy stored in the matrix which could be equal to the
Science World Journal, 2019
Groundnut shell powder (GSP) reinforced recycled high density polyethylene composites were developed via melt mixing and compression moulding techniques. GSP was alkaline treated to increase its compatibility with the polymer matrix. The developed composites were subjected to mechanical properties test and thermal characterization using 242E dynamic mechanical analyzer. Results obtained indicated an enhancement in mechanical properties of the recycled high density polyethylene composites compared to the unreinforced (control sample). Similarly, dynamic mechanical properties results showed that the storage modulus of all the composites increase with increase in weight percentage of GSP incorporated. The energy dissipation in form of heat (loss modulus) and damping peaks (Tan ∂) values were found to be reduced with the incorporation of alkaline treated GSP which implies an improvement in thermal stability and load bearing capacity of the composites.
Development and characterization of green composites from bio-based polyethylene and peanut shell
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2016
In the present work, different compatibilizers, namely polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene-graft-maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) were used on green composites derived from biobased polyethylene and peanut shell flour to improve particle-polymer interaction. Composites of high-density polyethylene/peanut shell powder (HDPE/PNS) with 10 wt% peanut shell flour were compatibilized with 3 wt% of the abovementioned compatibilizers. As per the results, PP-g-MA copolymer lead to best optimized properties as evidenced by mechanical characterization. In addition, best particle-matrix interface interactions with PP-g-MA were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently HDPE/PNS composites with varying peanut shell flour content in the 5-30 wt% range with PP-g-MA compatibilizer were obtained by melt extrusion and compounding followed by injection molding and were characterized by mechanical, thermal and morphological techniques. The results showed that peanut shell powder, leads to an increase in mechanical resistant properties (mainly, flexural modulus and strength) while a decrease in mechanical ductile properties i.e. elongation at break and impact absorbed energy is observed with increasing peanut shell flour content. Furthermore, peanut shell flour provides an increase in thermal stability due to the natural antioxidant properties of peanut shell. In particular, composites containing 30 wt% peanut shell powder present a flexural strength 24% and a flexural modulus 72% higher than the unfilled polyethylene and the thermo-oxidative onset degradation temperature is increased from 232 ºC up to 254 ºC thus indicating a marked thermal stabilization effect. Resultant composites can show a great deal of potential as base materials for wood plastic composites.