Characterization of Palm Kernel Shell Filled Polylactic Acid Composites (original) (raw)
Related papers
Springer, 2012
This paper was focusing on effect of filler content and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) coupling agent on the mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphology of polylactic acid (PLA)/ coconut shell powder (CSP) biocomposites. It was found that the increasing of CSP content was decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break of PLA/CSP biocomposites. However, incorporation of CSP increased the modulus of elasticity of PLA/CSP biocomposites. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of PLA/CSP biocomposites were enhanced by presence of 3-APE, which attributed to improvement of the filler-matrix interaction. The thermal stability of PLA/CSP biocomposites increased with the filler content and it was improved by 3-APE treatment. Meanwhile, the present of CSP increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallinity (Xc) of PLA/CSP biocomposites at 30 php of filler content. After 3-APE treatment, Tg and Xc of PLA/CSP biocomposites increased due to the improve of the interfacial bonding. The peak of temperature of crystallization (Tc) presence in PLA/CSP biocomposites indicated the nucleating effect of CSP. Melting temperature (Tm) and Tc of PLA/CSP biocomposites was not significantly affect by filler content and 3-APE. PLA/CSP biocomposites treated with 3-APE was shown better filler-matrix interaction and it was confirmed through SEM micrograph.
Surface Modification of Coconut Shell Powder Filled Polylactic Acid Biocomposites
SAGE
Coconut shell is one type of lignocellulosic fillers abundance in Malaysia. In this research, coconut shell powder (CSP) was incorporated with polylactic acid (PLA) by melt compounding to produce PLA/CSP biocomposites. The acrylic acid was used in filler surface treated to improve the properties of PLA/CSP biocomposites. The effects of filler content and acrylic acid on the mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphology of PLA/CSP biocomposites were investigated. The result show, PLA/CSP biocomposites were decreased in tensile strength and elongation at break with increasing CSP content. Alternately, PLA/CSP biocomposites were shown increment in modulus of elasticity and thermal stability with increasing of filler content. Surface treatment by using acrylic acid enhanced filler-matrix interaction, indicates higher tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and thermal stability of PLA/CSP biocomposites and it better interfacial interaction was confirm through SEM micrograph
Bio-composites based on polylactic acid and argan nut shell: Production and properties
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017
The aim of this work is to develop a new bio-composite based on polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with argan nut shells (ANS). In this study, the effect of ANS chemical surface treatments on the morphological, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of PLA was investigated. In particular, a comparison between three chemical treatments (alkali, bleaching, and silane) is made for two filler concentrations (8 and 15% wt.). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile measurements were used to determine the morphology (particle distribution/dispersion/adhesion), thermal stability, mechanical behavior and rheological properties of the bio-composites compared with neat PLA. The results showed that the highest Young's modulus improvement (16%) was obtained with 15% of bleached ANS particles, while the highest tensile strength (1%) and strain at yield (8.5%) improvements were obtained with a silane treatment. These results were associated with good ANS-PLA interfacial adhesion and distribution in the matrix. Nevertheless, lower thermal stability (onset degradation temperature) for all the bio-composites was observed when compared to neat PLA. To complete the characterizations, water absorption and water contact angle were determined indicating better resistance of the bio-composites when ANS surface treatment was applied.
Properties of Coconut Shell Powder-Filled Polylactic Acid Ecocomposites: Effect of Maleic Acid
Wiley (Society of Plastics Engineers), 2012
"Ecocomposites were produced by incorporating coconut shell powder (CSP) into polylactic acid (PLA) resin.The effect of filler content and chemical modification on the mechanical properties, thermal properties, and morphology of PLA/CSP ecocomposites were investigated. The addition of filler has decreased the tensile strength and elongation at break of PLA/CSP ecocomposites. However, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of PLA/CSP ecocomposites were enhanced by maleic acid treatment. Meanwhile, glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallinity (Xc) of PLA/CSP ecocomposites increased at 30 php of filler content and increased the presence of maleic acid (MA). However, the melting temperature (Tm) and crystallization temperature (Tc) were not significantly changed with the filler content and MA modification The thermal stability of PLA/CSP ecocomposites increased with the CSP content. The MA modification improved the thermal stability of PLA/CSP ecocomposites through better filler–matrix interaction. The improvement was confirmed by scanning electron microscope study
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
This paper reports on a study of the compression moulding and the vacuum forming of unidirectional pineapple leaf fibres/polylactic acid composites and the influence of process variables on the tensile properties of the material. The characterisation of the micro and meso structures of the pineapple leaf fibres is reported. The effect of consolidation temperature on the fibre thermal stability and the tensile properties of the composites is investigated. The results show that vacuum forming was found to be preferable process with high stiffness modulus and UTS of the composites, compared to compression moulding. The insignificant detrimental effect of 165 o C high consolidation temperature was observed. Finally, the fibre thermal degradation seems to dominate the composite tensile performance over its interfacial quality between the fibre and the matrix.
Journal of Elastomers and Plastics, 2010
Durian skin waste generated by durian fruit or Durio zibethinus Murray show potential as a new reinforcement based-natural fibre. Similar to other lignocellulosic fibre, durian skin fibre (DSF) is capable in reinforcing polylactic acid (PLA) through extrusion and injection moulding processes for various applications. In current study, the effects of fibre content and pre-treatment using 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on DSF were investigated on impact and thermal properties of PLA biocomposites. Treated DSF significantly enhanced the properties of PLA biocomposites as compared to untreated biocomposite. PLA can be replaced by 30 wt% DSF for similar impact performance. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) demonstrated that pre-treated DSF improved the thermal stability of PLA biocomposite. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed the presence of pre-treated DSF minimally enhanced the glass transition temperature (T g ), crystallization temperature (T c ) and melting temperature (T m ) relative to untreated DSF which suggests on better reinforcement with NaOH pre-treatment.
The Effect of Acetic Acid on Properties of Coconut Shell Filled Low Density Polyethylene Composites
Natural lignocellulosics have an outstanding potential as reinforcement in thermoplastics. Coconut shell is one of natural lignocellulosic material. In this study, coconut shell (CS) was use as filler in low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. The effect of surface treatment of coconut shell (CS) with acetic acid (acetylation) on mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphology were studied. The acetylation treatment has improved the tensile strength, elongation at break and Young's modulus of LDPE/CS composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the acetylated composites has better thermal stability compared to untreated composites at 600 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the esterification treatment increases the crystallinity of LDPE/CS composites. It was found that coconut shell acts as a nucleation agent in the presence of acrylic acid. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of the tensile fracture surface of acetylated composites indicates that the presence of acetic acid increased the interfacial interaction.
Morphology and Thermal Properties of Alkaline Treated Palm Kernel Nut Shell – HDPE Composites
The shells of the nuts of palm tree an African economic tree was used to reinforce High Density Polyethene (HDPE) after the particle size was reduced to 300µm with the aid of a Laboratory Ball Mill. Carvers Two Roll Mill was used for compounding of the materials to ensure proper mixing of the two distinct materials. Microstructure investigation was carried out using Quanta 200 ESEM. The results obtained showed a uniform dispersion of particulates in the polymer matrix and a single fiber pull out for both formulations. Thermal properties of the fabricated composites were also investigated using Palkin Elmer Diamond Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) . The results obtained suggest that the fillers incorporated into the polymer matrix influenced the melting and crystallization temperature of the composites though marginally. The melting and crystallization enthalpy were largely reduced by the alkaline treatment of the shell.
Polymers, 2022
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from lactic acid that has been chiefly utilized in biodegradable material and as a composite matrix material. PLA is a prominent biomaterial that is widely used to replace traditional petrochemical-based polymers in various applications owing environmental concerns. Green composites have gained greater attention as ecological consciousness has grown since they have the potential to be more appealing than conventional petroleum-based composites, which are toxic and nonbiodegradable. PLA-based composites with natural fiber have been extensively utilized in a variety of applications, from packaging to medicine, due to their biodegradable, recyclable, high mechanical strength, low toxicity, good barrier properties, friendly processing, and excellent characteristics. A summary of natural fibers, green composites, and PLA, along with their respective properties, classification, functionality, and different processing methods, are d...