Genotoxicity and toxicity evaluations of ECF cellulose bleaching effluents using the Allium cepa L. Test (original) (raw)
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Chemosphere, 2017
A lignin peroxidases-producing Serratia liquefaciens was used for bioremediation of pulp and paper (P&P) mill effluent. The treatment led to reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, lignin and phenolic content by 84%, 72%, 61% and 95%, respectively. The effluent detoxification was studied by genotoxicity assays using Allium cepa L. (onion) root tip cells. Genotoxicity studies included measuring mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) in root tip cells following treatment with 25, 50, 75 and 100% (v/v) of effluent. The root tip cells grown in untreated effluent showed a significant decrease in MI from 69% (control) to 32%, 27%, 22% and 11% at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% effluent concentration, respectively. This indicated that the untreated effluent was highly cytotoxic in nature. Further, root tip cells, when treated with different concentrations of effluent showed various CA and NA including c-mitosis, stickiness, chromosome loss, chromo...
Cytogenotoxicity evaluation of two industrial effluents using Allium cepa assay
The cytogenotoxic effects of the industrial effluents from paint (0, 7.2, 18, 36 and 72%) and textile (0, 1.6, 4, 8 and 16%) manufacturing were evaluated using root tip cells of Allium cepa. In this study, root length and chromosomal aberration assays were used to determine the 96 h effective concentration (96 h EC 50 ), root growth inhibition, mitotic index and chromosome aberration rate. Based on the 96 h EC 50 , textile effluent was 4.5 times more toxic than the paint effluent. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the mean root length of A.
Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 2020
Cyto-genotoxicity of hospital effluents collected from sewage treatment plant of SKIMS, was investigated using USEPA recommended Allium cepa test. Heterogeneous samples of both untreated and treated effluents were collected from the STP twice a day for three months and designated as complex mixture. Before measuring the root length of the onion bulbs, A. cepa plants were exposed to 25%, 50% and 100% concentrations for both untreated and treated effluent samples in the dark for 72hrs. Significant results were observed in the root length evaluation and chromosomal aberration evaluation tests. Untreated effluent seems to be the most toxic on the root length of the A.cepa than treated samples. The lowest mean root length of onion bulbs was observed in untreated samples at 100% concentration which is found to be 0.61±0.28, 0.95±0.21 and 1.16± 0.43 cm for first, second and third day respectively. Untreated sample from STP of SKIMS at 100% concentration gave the lowest mitotic index (MI) value of 4.56±1.44 while as 50% and 25% concentration shows MI values of 16.32±2.09 and 27.08±6.07 respectively. Likewise, treated samples show mitotic index (MI) values of 18.2±4.65, 3.96±5.54 and 2.01±2.91 at 25%, 50% and 100%. The squash preparations from root tip cells of treated A. cepa bulbs revealed different types of chromosomal aberrations such as metaphase stickiness, chromosomal breaks, c-mitosis, anaphase bridges and anaphase stickiness, indicating environmental toxicity risk. The treated effluent samples were found to be less genotoxic and cytotoxic, thus inferring that genotoxicity is reduced after the treatment process and A. cepa test has proved to be an effective tool in monitoring hospital effluents before beingdischarged into the environment.
Cytotoxic effect of sewage effluent on root tip cells of Allium cepa L.
Screening for mutagens in complex environmental mixtures, such as surface water or industrial wastewater, is gradually being accepted as a routine method in environmental monitoring programs. In the present work, the simplified Allium cepa root assay was utilized to evaluate the possible cytotoxic effect of sewage effluent on root tip cells of A. cepa L. Sewage effluents were collected from Kunnamkulam market. Treatements were done in five different time durations such as 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Allium cepa exposed to sewage effluents resulted to cells with chromosomal aberration. The Mitotic index was decreased when the time durations were increased. The mitotic index of the control was 49.65±3.35. The mitotic index of the sewage effluent in 3 hr was 42.28±3.37. From this a gradual decrease in the mitotic index when the duration of time increased. The mitotic index 42. 15±3.17, 32.27±3.04, 31.65±3.19 and 28.19±2.87 are 6 h, 12 hr, 24 h and 48 h respectively chromosomal abnormalities such as bridges, fragments, vagrant chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, C-mitosis, spindle abnormalities and disoriented chromosomes were observed. The impacts of using sewage effluent as fertilizer on the environment are difficult to predict. So they may be treated to remove its toxic particles prior to its release into the environment. Toxicity or genotoxicity bioassays should be an integral tool in the evaluation of waste water toxicity.
Genotoxic effects of industrial wastewater on Allium cepa L
The aim of this research is to study the effects of different concentrations of water on both incoming and outgoing in central biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant in Manisa (Turkey) organized industrial zone (MOIZ) on the Allium cepa L. root meristems, having been rooted in distilled water for 48 h. The union bulbs were kept in the 100% concentrations of the refined water (RW) and of 10, 25, 50 and 100% concentrations of unrefined water (UW). Distilled water was used for the control samples. It was determined that wastewater reduced the rate of the mitotic division of different concentrations and increased the mitotic anomalies. Mitotic index was found to be 33.8, 31.2, 23.6 and 16.7% in the control group, RW, 10% concentration of the UW, and 25% concentration of the UW, respectively. On the other hand, the rates of Mitosis / (Anaphase + Telophase) were 0.23, 0.28, 0.42, 0.71 in the control group, RW, % concentration of the UW, and 25% concentration of the UW, respect...
Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 1997
The genotoxicity of effluents collected from a conventional 5-stage softwood kraft pulp bleaching process was studied in Ž . Ž . Chinese hamster ovary CHO cells in vitro. Spent liquor from the first chlorination stage CrD , where elemental chlorine and chlorine dioxide had been used in equal proportions, was shown to induce a dose-dependent increase in sister chromatid Ž . Ž . exchanges SCEs without metabolic activation 4-h treatment , with a maximum increase of 1.6 times over the control level at 204 mlrml; this dose also induced 15.5-and 20.5-fold increases in cells with chromatid-type chromosomal aberrations after 4-h and a 20-h treatment, respectively. Another CrD stage spent liquor from a process where the ratio of elemental chlorine and chlorine dioxide had been 9:1 produced a 40.5-fold elevation of cells with chromatid-type aberrations at 204 Ž . Ž m l r ml 20-h treatment . This sample clearly increased chromosomal aberrations also when tested as a concentrate 4-h . treatment , which showed that the observed clastogenicity was not unspecifically due to the relatively large volumes used in the treatments with the unconcentrated liquors. In general, the use of rat liver S9 mix reduced the genotoxicity of the spent liquors. The results agree with earlier findings on the Salmonella mutagenicity of the same CrD samples: both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic assays showed a reduction in genotoxicity when the amount of elemental chlorine in the bleaching process was reduced. An effluent sample collected from the alkaline stage of the process was not clastogenic with or without metabolic activation. Methanesulfonyl chloride, a new compound identified in bleaching plant air, was found to be induce chromosomal aberrations in the presence of S9 mix.
Advances in Biology, 2016
Pulp and paper mill effluent induced phytotoxicity and genotoxicity in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and root tip cells of onion (Allium cepa L.) were investigated. Physicochemical characteristics such as electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD 5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phenols of the pulp and paper mill effluent were beyond the permissible limit specified for the discharge of effluent in inland water bodies. Compared to control plants, seedling exposed to 100% effluent concentration showed a reduction in root and shoot length and biomass by 65%, 67%, and 84%, respectively, after 5 days of treatment. A. cepa root tip cells exposed to effluent concentrations ranging from 25 to 100% v/v showed a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) from 32 to 11% with respect to control root tip cells (69%) indicating effluent induced cytotoxicity. Further, the effluent induced DNA damage as evidenced by the presence of various chromosomal aberrations like stickiness, chromosome loss, anaphase bridge, c-mitosis, tripolar anaphase, vagrant chromosome, and telophase bridge and micronucleated and binucleated cell in A. cepa. Findings of the present study indicate that pulp and paper mill effluents may act as genotoxic and phytotoxic agents in plant model system.
2020
The compounds of pulp paper mill effluent discharged after secondary treatment is a major source of environmental toxicity, which is not yet known. The physico-chemical analysis of discharged effluent showed various pollution parameters (pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD) beyond permissible limit. Furthermore, the BOD, COD ratio of discharged effluent <0.2 this indicated not biodegradable properties of effluent. Therefore, persistent longer in environment and caused toxicity to aquatic resources. The analysis of effluent showed the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals along with genotoxicity compound i.e. hexadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid. Majority of these pollutants are androgenic and mutagenic in nature derived from plant steroid, fatty and resin acids of the plant during pulping processes which were not degraded by bacterial communities during biological treatment of effluent. Presences of recalcitrant pollutants along with a mixture of heavy metals i.e. Fe (81), Zn (31), Cu...
Sugarcane is cultivated in tropical countries for sugar and ethanol production. In Brazil, this culture is among the most profitable with a production of 658.7 million tons/harvest. Sugarcane filter cake (SCFC) is a waste rich in organic matter and micronutrients, but also contains toxic metals. As it has been used as fertilizer and there is not enough knowledge about its environmental impacts, this work assessed the genotoxicogenetic effects of raw SCFC and associations with soil and sugarcane bagasse (SCB), by Allium cepa tests. Six associations of SCFC+soil and five associations of SCFC+soil+SCB were tested at three moments of degradation: initial (T0), 3 and 6 months (T1 and T2). Genotoxicogenetic assays were performed with solid substrates of these associations and with their respective aqueous extracts. Chemical analysis showed a decrease in metals, total organic carbon and nitrogen after 6 months of biodegradation, complying with Brazilian laws. In general, the combination of SCFC+soil+SCB was better than using only SCFC. T0 solubilized samples of different associations composed by highest quantities of SCFC inhibited the MI and induced CA without presenting mutagenicity (except for 75%-SCFC+soil+SCB). T1 samples showed more cytotoxicity than T0 samples, and also presented genotoxic and mutagenic effects. Solid substrate and solubilized associations of SCFC+soil+SCB of T2 samples had no toxicity. These results suggest 6 months of biodegradation and the SCB adding as effective to reduce toxicogenetic effects induced by SCFC. Also, small proportions of SCFC interfered less on the A. cepa test-system when compared with those containing high quantities of residue.
Evaluation of industrial effl uent and domestic sewage genotoxicity using Allium cepa bioassay
Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications
Living organisms including both plants and animals being exposed to polluted water bodies can be impacted. In current investigation the genotoxic effect of industrial effl uent and domestic sewage of Barak valley region, Assam, India was investigated using both morphological and root chromosome assay on Allium cepa. The mean root lengths of onions exposed to different concentrations of the effl uent and sewage (10%, 25% and 50%) were measured for 3 consecutive days for 24, 48 and 72 hrs and the results were compared. The mean root length was statistically evaluated by the analysis of variance. There was both signifi cant increase and decrease in root length among the exposed onion bulbs. Total aberrations increased signifi cantly as concentration increased (p<0.05). Both effl uent and sewage samples were recorded to cause harmful damages in the exposed onion test samples. These results demonstrated that the Allium test is a useful screening test for the evaluation of toxicity caused by sewage and effl uent samples not only at the morphological level but also at the cytogenetic level; and hence pollution in waster bodies in a major cause of concern. Thus, sincere measures should be undertaken regarding the direct disposable of industrial effl uents and domestic sewage and protection of water bodies including its fl ora and fauna.