Metabolic Changes During a Field Experiment in a World-Class Windsurfing Athlete: A Trial with Multivariate Analyses (original) (raw)
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Nutrients, 2016
(1) Background: We have been using the Sportomics approach to evaluate biochemical and hematological changes in response to exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic and hematologic responses of world-class canoeists during a training session; (2) Methods: Blood samples were taken at different points and analyzed for their hematological properties, activities of selected enzymes, hormones, and metabolites; (3) Results: Muscle stress biomarkers were elevated in response to exercise which correlated with modifications in the profile of white blood cells, where a leukocyte rise was observed after the canoe session. These results were accompanied by an increase in other exercise intensity parameters such as lactatemia and ammonemia. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol increased during the exercise sessions. The acute rise in both erythrocytes and white blood profile were probably due to muscle cell damage, rather than hepatocyte integrity impairment; (4) Conclusion: The cellular and metabolic responses found here, together with effective nutrition support, are crucial to understanding the effects of exercise in order to assist in the creation of new training and recovery planning. Also we show that Sportomics is a primal tool for training management and performance improvement, as well as to the understanding of metabolic response to exercise.
Imbalanced Nutrition of Top-Level Swimmers
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007
Introduction ! Nutrition plays a crucial role in athletic performance. Swimming is a demanding sport, in which nutritional needs can be extraordinary. A balanced intake of macronutrients is essential, as adequate carbohydrate and protein intakes are necessary for maintaining and enhancing glycogen stores and lean body mass, respectively, during training . Sufficient micronutrient intake is also important, as minerals facilitate the development of swimming performance and contribute to the attainment of optimal physiological function . Nevertheless, reports show suboptimal dietary intakes of swimmers . Such findings could be partially attributed to the lack of nutritional education and scientific monitoring. Moreover, swimmers do not always adjust their nutrient needs to the training stress , but information about possible modifications of the dietary habits of swimmers during different training phases is limited. Training of swimmers needs to be accompanied by appropriate evaluation of a variety of param-eters, including hematologic and biochemical ones. Variations in these parameters may influence the performance capacity of swimmers , and such variations do take place during swimming training, although in diverse directions . Some of these parameters, for instance, parameters of the iron status, are influenced not only by training but also by nutrition . Given the dearth of data on the nutritional status of swimmers during extended training periods, the aim of the present study was to monitor the dietary intakes, along with hematologic and biochemical parameters, of swimmers participating in top-level training during a competitive season of eight months. Anthropometric and performance data were also included in order to provide a thorough picture of the responses to a highly demanding training schedule.
Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator, 2016
Objective: The aim of our research was to identify physiological and biochemical changes induced by training at medium altitude.Methods: Ten biathlon athletes underwent 28-day training camp at medium altitude in order to improve their aerobic effort, following the living high-base train high-interval train low (Hi-Hi-Lo) protocol. There were investigated three categories of functional and biochemical parameters, targeting the hematological changes (RBC, HCT, HGB), the oxidative (lipoperoxid, free malondialdehyde and total malondialdehyde) and antioxidative balance (the hydrogen donor capacity, ceruloplasmin and uric acid) and the capacity of effort (the maximum aerobic power, the cardiovascular economy in effort, the maximum O2 consumption).Results: All the biochemical and functional evaluated parameters showed significant increases between the pre-training testing and post-training testing (5.13 ± 0.11 vs. 6.50 ± 0.09, p < 0.0001 for RBC; 44.80 ± 1.22 vs. 51.31 ± 2.31, p < 0....
Effect of Training on Selected Biochemical Variables of Elite Male Swimmers
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2013
The aim of the present study was to find out the effect of training on biochemical variables of elite male swimmers. A total of 60 Indian elite male swimmers (age: 17.33 ± 1.47 yrs; height: 173.08 ± 5.80 cm; body mass: 68.11 ± 5.02 kg) who regularly participate in competitive swimming volunteered for this study. A well-designed training program for the swimmers was employed for 12 weeks. The training sessions were divided into 2 phases (a) Preparatory Phase (PP, 8 weeks) and (b) Competitive Phase (CP, 4 weeks). Each phase was further subdivided into macro cycles and micro cycles, and were completed 4 hr/d; 5 d/wk. Selected variables were measured at zero level (baseline data, BD) and at the end of preparatory phase (PP) and competitive phase (CP) of training. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum urea, uric acid, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was observed after training. On the other hand, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in resting and peak blood lactate, hemoglobin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), TC/HDL and LDL/HDL were noted after the conclusion of training. The training program was effective for improving selected biochemical parameters for swimmers, and may be employed for monitoring training.
The biochemistry of runners in a 1600 km ultramarathon
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 1999
Objective-To investigate biochemical changes related to muscle breakdown, hepatic damage, hyponatraemia, and a number of other variables in the serum of participants in a 1600 km ultramarathon run. Methods-Blood samples were obtained from nine participants (seven men, two women) in a 1600 km foot race before, after 4 and 11 days of running, and at the conclusion of the event. Samples were analysed by standard methods and results corrected, where appropriate, for changes in plasma volume. Results-Significant (p<0.05) increases in the following variables were found during or at the conclusion of the event: plasma volume, sodium, chloride, urea, alkaline phosphatase,-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, glucose, calcium, and phosphate. Significant (p<0.05) decreases in the following variables were found during or at the conclusion of the event: globulin, uric acid, and cholesterol. No change occurred in serum potassium, bicarbonate, creatinine, and triglycerides. Conclusion-A wide range of biochemical perturbations occur during ultramarathon running but a number of variables remain within normal limits despite severe physical stress. Large increases in plasma volume occur, and hyponatraemia is rare in events of this duration. The time course of increases in enzymic indicators of muscle damage indicates that duration of running is not the sole determinant of such increases. This study provides indirect evidence of possible hepatic damage during prolonged exercise and an increase in serum calcium both of which warrant further investigation.
Nutritional strategies to optimize training and racing in middle-distance athletes
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2007
Middle-distance athletes implement a dynamic continuum in training volume, duration, and intensity that utilizes all energyproducing pathways and muscle fibre types. At the centre of this periodized training regimen should be a periodized nutritional approach that takes into account acute and seasonal nutritional needs induced by specific training and competition loads. The majority of a middle-distance athlete's training and racing is dependant upon carbohydrate-derived energy provision. Thus, to support this training and racing intensity, a high carbohydrate intake should be targeted. The required energy expenditure throughout each training phase varies significantly, and thus the total energy intake should also vary accordingly to better maintain an ideal body composition. Optimizing acute recovery is highly dependant upon the immediate consumption of carbohydrate to maximize glycogen resynthesis rates. To optimize longer-term recovery, protein in conjunction with carbohydrate should be consumed. Supplementation of b-alanine or sodium bicarbonate has been shown to augment intra-and extracellular buffering capacities, which may lead to a small performance increase. Future studies should aim to alter specific exercise (resistance vs. endurance) and/or nutrition stimuli and measure downstream effects at multiple levels that include gene and molecular signalling pathways, leading to muscle protein synthesis, that result in optimized phenotypic adaptation and performance.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021
Windsurfing is a demanding activity that requires a high level of physical fitness as well as appropriate training and nutritional strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of amateur windsurfers and consider possible dietary mistakes. This field study was conducted among 10 Polish male amateur windsurfers (aged 22 ± 2 years, mean training experience of 9.5 ± 4 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. The total energy expenditure of each participant was estimated using a mobile fitness application. The daily energy supply in assessed portions of the windsurfers’ food was lower than the estimated demand during the competition. The contribution of macronutrients to the total energy intake adhered to those guidelines, but not with the ones recommended for athletes practicing extreme sports. Daily fluid consumption was insufficient. In the windsurfers’ diet, we noticed low consumption of vitamin D and calcium, while ...
Body mass changes and nutrient intake of dinghy sailors while racing
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2007
Dinghy sailing is a physically challenging sport with competitors on water for several hours. Regulations and space in the boat limit the amount of food and fluid competitors can carry. Consequently, it is possible that the hydration and nutritional status of dinghy sailors may be compromised while racing. Despite this, the food and fluid intake of sailors while racing are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of a group of club sailors while racing and compare this with current sports nutrition guidelines. Thirty-five sailors (9 females, 26 males) were monitored during a club regatta. Body mass changes were measured before and after racing, as were food and fluid intake. Results showed that most participants were in negative fluid balance after racing (males: mean 72.1% [95% confidence limits 71.7 to 72.5%]; females: 70.9% [0 to 71.8%]), most likely due to low voluntary fluid intake (males: 1215 ml [734 to 1695 ml]; females: 792 ml [468 to 1117 m]). Carbohydrate intake (males: 59 g [21 to 97 g]; females: 30 g [0 to 61 g]) was below recommendations for normal sports activity. Results revealed that the nutritional practices of club sailors do not comply with current sports nutrition guidelines. However, the performance implications of a compromise in nutrient intake remain to be investigated. Practical advice on methods of overcoming space limitations for the carriage of adequate fluid and food is offered.